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[学术文献 ] Ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis in two evolutionarily distant plants 进入全文
Nature Chemical Biology
Ipecac alkaloids are medicinal monoterpenoid-derived tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids found in two distantly related plants: Carapichea ipecacuanha (Gentianales) and Alangium salviifolium (Cornales). Here we provide evidence suggesting that both plants initiate ipecac alkaloid biosynthesis through a nonenzymatic Pictet–Spengler reaction and we elucidate the biosynthetic fate of both the 1R and 1S stereoisomers that are produced in this nonstereoselective reaction. Although the biosynthesis of the 1S-derived protoemetine proceeds according to the same chemical logic in both species, each plant uses a distinct monoterpene precursor. Phylogenetic analyses show examples of independent pathway evolution through parallel and convergently evolved enzymes. This work provides insight into how nature can capitalize on highly reactive starting substrates and the manner in which multistep pathways can arise and lays the foundation for metabolic engineering of these important medicinal compounds.
[学术文献 ] Utilizing plant synthetic biology to accelerate plant-microbe interactions research 进入全文
BioDesign Research
Plant-microbe interactions are critical to ecosystem resilience and substantially influence crop production. From the perspective of plant science, two important focus areas concerning plant-microbe interactions include: 1) understanding plant molecular mechanisms involved in plant-microbe interfaces and 2) engineering plants for increasing plant disease resistance or enhancing beneficial interactions with microbes to increase their resilience to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Molecular biology and genetics approaches have been used to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying plant responses to various beneficial and pathogenic microbes. While these approaches are valuable for elucidating the functions of individual genes and pathways, they fall short of unraveling the complex cross-talk across pathways or systems that plants employ to respond and adapt to environmental stresses. Also, genetic engineering of plants to increase disease resistance or enhance symbiosis with microbes has mainly been attempted or conducted through targeted manipulation of single genes/pathways of plants. Recent advancements in synthetic biology tool development are paving the way for multi-gene characterization and engineering in plants in relation to plant-microbe interactions. Here, we briefly summarize the current understanding of plant molecular pathways involved in plant interactions with beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms. Then, we highlight the progress in applying plant synthetic biology to elucidate the molecular basis of plant responses to microbes, enhance plant disease resistance, engineer synthetic symbiosis, and conduct in situ microbiome engineering. Lastly, we discuss the challenges, opportunities, and future directions for advancing plant-microbe interactions research using the capabilities of plant synthetic biology.
[学术文献 ] Chromosome-scale genome assembly of the fire blight resistant Malus fusca accession MAL0045, donor of FB_Mfu10 进入全文
Scientific Data
The wild apple, Malus fusca accession MAL0045, is highly resistant to fire blight disease, caused by the bacterial pathogen, Erwinia amylovora. A major resistance locus, FB_Mfu10 was identified on chromosome 10 of MAL0045 including other contributory loci on chromosomes 16, 4, and 15. Here, we report a chromosome-scale genome assembly of MAL0045 to facilitate the studies of its fire blight resistance. PacBio sequencing and Illumina sequencing for Hi-C contig anchorage were employed to obtain the genome. A total of 669.46 Mb sequences were anchored onto 17 chromosomes, taking up 99.75% of total contig length. Contigs anchored onto chromosomes were further ordered and orientated, where a total of 637.67 Mb sequences were anchored onto chromosomes in proper order and orientation, resulting in a final anchoring ratio of 95.25%. The BUSCO score of this assembly is 97.46%. Further, a total of 47,388 genes were predicted via ab initio, homology-based, and RNAseq methodologies. The availability of this genome will facilitate functional and comparative genomics studies, especially about the donors of fire blight resistance in Malus.
[前沿资讯 ] Scientists at The James Hutton Institute identify key factor regulating potato tuber initiation 进入全文
The James Hutton Institute
Potato tuberisation begins when signals from leaves are translocated to underground stems known as stolons, causing a transition from stolon extension to tuber development. The transition from stolon growth to tuber development requires a massive increase in the availability of sugars. 25 years ago, Hutton scientists demonstrated that this transition was associated with a shift in the way sugars were unloaded from the phloem into the developing tuber. The research found that a member of the germin family of proteins, is key. Dr Hancock explained, “Our work showed that one of these genes was directly activated by the protein complex that regulates the switch from stolon growth to tuber development. “Germins are a large class of proteins that have ill-defined functions so their role in tuberisation was unexpected.” Artificial manipulation of the activity of the germin3 gene showed an earlier date of tuberisation and an increase in tuber yield, as well as robust growth, early flowering and vigorous tuber sprouting. The gene activation was increased by starving plants through keeping them in the dark, while providing sugars in the growth medium had the opposite effect, suggesting that increased sugar demand at the onset of tuberisation might result in the activation of germin3. Further research showed that having the germin3 protein in cells allowed them to move to adjacent cells, indicating that germin3 promotes potato tuberisation by facilitating the opening of pores, allowing an influx of sugars for tuber bulking. This discovery potentially solves the 25-year-old mystery of how the transition from transferring sugars using specific transporters to transferring the sugars directly with the phloem, which massively increases the capacity for sugar delivery, occurs. Because germin3 acts downstream of leaf tuberisation signals, which are temperature sensitive, this finding presents an opportunity for developing potato cultivars that are able to form tubers at higher temperatures. By-passing temperature sensitivity in this way could be a route to food security if potatoes are able to grow in areas of the world in which they currently can’t survive. Dr Mark Taylor, who initiated the work but has now retired said, “These experiments suggest that germins regulate not only tuberisation but also other plant developmental processes such as flowering and dormancy providing opportunities to manipulate multiple aspects of development and paving the way for yield increases in a wide range of crops.”
[政策法规 ] Agriculture on commencement of Plant Breeders' Rights Act, 2018 and regulations 进入全文
South African Government
The Department of Agriculture (DoA) is pleased to announce the commencement of the new Plant Breeders' Rights Act, 2018 (Act No. 12 of 2018) and its regulations with effect from 1 June 2025. President Matamela Ramaphosa has signed the proclamation of the new Plant Breeders’ Rights Act, 2018 (Act No. 12 of 2018), following the approval of the regulations by the Minister of Agriculture, Mr John Steenhuisen. The Plant Breeders' Rights Act, 2018 (Act No. 12 of 2018) repeals the Plant Breeders' Rights Act, 1976 (Act No. 15 of 1976). The proclamation of this Act and its regulations was published in Government Gazette No. 52184 on 6 June 2025 and Government Gazette No. 52850 of 13 June 2025, respectively. The Act provides for a system under which plant breeders’ rights relating to varieties of certain kinds of plants may be granted; for the requirements that must be complied with for the granting of such rights; for the scope and protection of such rights; for the granting of licences in respect of the exercise of such rights; and for matters connected therewith. Revisions in the new Act include the following: Streamlined administrative processes; Scope of plants eligible for protection extended to all genera and species; Periods of protection revised to up to 30 years in the case of fruit trees, vines, sugar cane and potatoes, and 25 years for all other crops; Categories of farmers, crops and quantities in relation to farm-saved seed defined. The establishment of an advisory committee including representation from a wide range of stakeholders such as breeders, farmers and intellectual property law specialists. The Plant Breeders' Rights Act, 2018 (Act No. 12 of 2018) will contribute to the South African Government’s objectives and priorities by promoting innovation in plant breeding and agriculture. Through the protection of new plant varieties, the Act plays a vital role in enhancing food security, increasing agricultural productivity, and supporting rural development growth. Additionally, the new Act will encourage investment in plant breeding, foster job creation, and support economic development.
[学术文献 ] Identification of a gene conferring broad-spectrum orthotospovirus resistance in Solanaceae 进入全文
science
"Linkage drag can hinder the integration of resistance genes from wild crop relatives into breeding programs. We used a chromosome-scale Nicotiana alata genome assembly and a segregating population exceeding 160,000 plants to dissect the complex genetic architecture and overcome the tight linkage between resistance and deleterious loci to produce plants free from linkage drag. We cloned N. alata RTSW, encoding an immune receptor that confers broad-spectrum resistance to orthotospoviruses through the interaction of its carboxyl-terminal domain with an orthotospovirus-encoded protein. Notably, despite recognizing the same avirulen ce factor, RTSW genes from N. alata and Sw-5b from Solanum peruvianum have evolved independently of adjacent nonorthologous ancestral loci. Our work illustrates the potential of wild relative genomes as resources from which to precisely introduce disease resistance into cultivated crops."
