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[学术文献 ] A GhBGH2-GhGLK1 Regulatory Module Mediates Salt Tolerance in Cotton 进入全文
PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL
Soil salinisation, exacerbated by climate change and human activities such as irrigation mismanagement, improper land use and excessive fertilisation, has become a major constraint on global crop production by disrupting fundamental metabolic processes like seed germination and photosynthesis. In our previous work, transcriptome sequencing of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive cotton germplasms identified Gh_D04G136300, a negative regulatory gene downregulated in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive materials. Phylogenetic analysis revealed its closest homologue to be AtBGH2, leading to its designation as GhBGH2. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) demonstrated that GhBGH2 silencing enhanced salt tolerance. To further validate its function, we generated bgh2 knockout mutants via CRISPR/Cas9, which exhibited increased salt tolerance compared to controls. Transcriptome sequencing and yeast two-hybrid screening identified GhGLK1 as an interacting protein. Both GhBGH2 and GhGLK have nuclear localisation. Functional characterisation through VIGS revealed that GhGLK1 positively regulates salt tolerance in cotton. Yeast one-hybrid (Y1H), dual-luciferase (LUC) and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) confirmed that GhGLK1 binds to G-box elements in the promoters of downstream salt-tolerance genes, activating their transcription. Structural analysis of GhGLK1 revealed a transcriptional activation domain at its C-terminus, and yeast heterologous expression along with co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays demonstrated that GhBGH2 interacts with this domain. Haplotype analysis of GhGLK1 identified a distinct Hap-1 variant enriched in China's northwestern saline-alkali regions. This variant exhibited elevated GhGLK1 expression and conferred enhanced salt tolerance. Collectively, our findings indicate that GhBGH2 negatively regulates salt tolerance in cotton by interacting with the GhGLK1 activation domain, suppressing its transcriptional regulation of salt-tolerance genes.
[学术文献 ] Glucosylceramides containing very long-acyl-chain fatty acid are critical for cotton fiber elongation by influencing brassinosteroid synthesis and signaling 进入全文
CROP JOURNAL
Sphingolipids are not only a pivotal component of membranes but also act as bioactive molecules. Cotton fiber is one of the longest plant cells and sphingolipids are closely associated with the development of cotton fiber cells. However, their function in cotton fiber cell development and its action mechanism is unclear. Through cotton genetic transformation and chemistry biological approach, we identified the function and action mechanism of the glucosylceramide synthase gene GhGCS1 and its product glucosylceramide (GluCer) in cotton fiber growth. GhGCS1 was preferentially expressed at the stage of fiber elongation and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Overexpression of GhGCS1 promoted GluCer synthesis and fiber elongation, which was consistent with the exogenous application of GluCer (FA-C22) (containing very long-acyl-chain fatty acid) to cotton fiber in ovule culture system in vitro. Contrarily, suppressing GhGCS1 expression inhibited GluCer synthesis and fiber elongation, which was similar as the exogenous application of GluCer synthesis inhibitor, PDMP. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the fiber elongation regulated by GhGCS1 was associated with brassinosteroid (BR) synthesis and signaling related gene expression. Meanwhile, we detected the BL content of control and transgenic fiber cells. The BL content significantly increased and decreased in up- and down-regulated transgenic fibers when compared with control fibers, respectively. Furthermore, we found that PDMP treatment blocked BR synthesis and signal transduction, while exogenous application of GluCer could enhance BR synthesis and signaling. Overall, our results revealed that GhGCS1 and GluCer regulated cotton fiber elongation by influencing BR synthesis and signaling. Our study shed a novel insight on regulatory mechanism of cotton fiber elongation and provides theoretical support, genetic resources and novel transgenic materials for improvement of crop quality.
[前沿资讯 ] Ultra-low gossypol cottonseed takes next step toward humanitarian use 进入全文
Texas A&M University
Texas A&M AgriLife Research has reached a major milestone in increasing the value of cotton, marking the initial step toward commercial adoption of food-ingredient cottonseed. This innovative development was led by Keerti Rathore, Ph.D., AgriLife Research plant biotechnologist in the Texas A&M Department of Soil and Crop Sciences. Rathore has spent more than 30 years improving the value of cotton, going beyond the growers' focus on the fiber and concentrating on the value-added use for the seed, which has a high protein and oil content. Cotton plants produce 1.6 times more seed than fiber by weight. Rathore's development of ultra-low gossypol cottonseed trait has opened the market to expand beyond the historically restricted market of dairy cows to feed poultry, swine and aquaculture species, in addition to direct use as a protein source for human consumption. To further advance adoption and demonstrate the global humanitarian potential of ultra-low gossypol cottonseed, AgriLife Research and Cotton Incorporated collaborated to make the trait available for noncommercial use a few years ago. As a result of these efforts, Uzbekistan has become the first country to formalize a partnership with the Texas A&M University System through Texas A&M Innovation. The agreement, facilitated by Uzbekistan's Center of Genomics and Bioinformatics of the Academy of Sciences, will support the incorporation of the trait into cotton varieties adapted for Uzbekistan, in alignment with the nation's food security objectives. In addition to validating this trait, U.S. cotton growers may see future benefits as germplasm and future biotech traits are shared back with AgriLife Research following Uzbekistan's adoption of ultra-low gossypol cottonseed. Making cottonseed edible The cotton plant produces more seeds by weight than fiber. However, gossypol, a naturally occurring toxic compound that deters insects, is present throughout the cotton plant, including the seeds. The gossypol prevents their use as food or feed for nonruminant animals. To date, the dairy industry's use of cottonseed as a feed has made it the No. 1 consumer of U.S. cottonseed. Rathore's ultra-low gossypol cottonseed, TAM 66274, partially funded by U.S. cotton growers, was approved for field planting and food and feed consumption by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2018 and U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2019. With it fully deregulated in the U.S., the incorporation of ultra-low gossypol cottonseed represents an untapped market and an exciting opportunity for the industry to incorporate the trait into their commercial varieties, Rathore said. Nobel Peace Laureate Norman Borlaug, Ph.D., renowned for saving a billion lives by developing high-yielding wheat varieties, supported ultra-low gossypol cottonseed and Rathore's work in a letter for a Nature manuscript back in 2005. "This research potentially opens the door to utilizing safely the more than 40 million tons of cottonseed produced annually as a large, valuable protein source for improving the nutrition of monogastric animals, including man," Borlaug wrote. Rathore's goal is the global adoption of ultra-low gossypol cottonseed. He envisions a future where cotton is valued for its fiber and as an alternative protein source. This dual-purpose use of the crop should improve the sustainability of cotton cultivation.
[学术文献 ] Intensifying heat stress impacts cotton flowering and boll development efficiency 进入全文
BMC PLANT BIOLOGY
Cotton-growing regions face heat stress during flowering and boll development, adversely affecting reproductive fitness, yield, and quality. Identifying and incorporating superior physiological and reproductive traits into elite genetic background may improve yield potential under stress. This study quantified the effects of heat stress (36/24 degrees C, HS) on 25 traits of 16 upland cotton cultivars during the reproductive stage, compared to control conditions (32/24 degrees C, CNT). Under HS, all cultivars exhibited transpirational cooling, with stomatal conductance increasing by 1-fold and transpiration by 1.6-fold compared to CNT. Under HS, leaf temperature was 3.5 degrees C higher than CNT plants, and PSII quantum efficiency dropped by 20% compared to CNT. HS also reduced the ratio of reproductive to vegetative dry mass (57%), indicating poor resource partitioning towards reproductive organs. The specific leaf area was increased by 34%, whereas the leaf chlorophyll index dropped by 28% under HS compared with CNT. When exposed to HS, pollen germination was reduced by 71% across cultivars compared to the CNT. While some cultivars maintained similar boll and seed numbers between CNT and HS, a corresponding tolerance was not observed in seed cotton yield. On average, seed cotton yield and lint yield decreased by 19% and 26% under HS, respectively. In contrast, seed yield remained stable, suggesting a disproportionate reduction in intra-boll components. Seed oil content and fiber quality, except for fiber uniformity, displayed susceptibility to HS. Multidimensional responses of cotton cultivars to HS highlight the need to map genetic loci governing heat tolerance. This knowledge is essential for pinpointing effective breeding targets.
[前沿资讯 ] Biochar improves soil health for cotton production, study confirms 进入全文
UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA
For generations, farmers have used natural materials such as lime, gypsum and manure to improve their soil for growing crops. Now, a team of researchers led by the University of Missouri is giving new purpose to an established material — biochar, a charcoal-like substance made from leftover plant waste — and showing how it can address challenges facing today’s cotton growers. Even though biochar has been used in various forms of agriculture for thousands of years, this study focused on how it could help cotton farmers in the delta region of the United States, often called the Mississippi Delta. That’s where biochar comes in. The Mizzou researchers — led by Gurbir Singh, assistant professor of plant sciences at Mizzou’s College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, and MU Extension state specialist — turned to bagasse, a fibrous organic material left over after sugarcane is pressed for its juice. When converted into biochar and added to the soil, the product improved the soil’s ability to hold onto nutrients and moisture, giving cotton plants a better chance to grow strong and healthy. “Cotton is typically grown in sandy and sandy loam soil that struggles with low organic matter, less water-holding capacity and weaker aggregate stability,” Singh said. “These soils don’t hold water or nutrients well, and require more irrigation, which makes it harder to manage cotton production. Biochar offers a solution to these specific challenges.” Researchers also found one unexpected benefit of using biochar: It can help improve water quality by keeping nitrate-nitrogen — a common fertilizer ingredient — from seeping into groundwater. Nitrates can pose risks to human and environmental health. “Biochar can hold on to nitrates longer, which keeps them in the soil and out of the water supply,” Singh said. Looking ahead, Singh and colleagues plan to move beyond small-scale test plots and apply their findings on working farms. The next step is to partner with farmers who have access to biochar to see the results translate in real-world growing conditions. Singh also hopes to apply what they’ve learned to other crops such as corn and soybean. While the type of biochar and the amount used will vary with the other crops, he wants to see if the team’s basic approach could offer similar benefits. “Biochar impact on soil properties and soil solution nutrient concentrations under cotton production” was published in the Journal of Environmental Management. Co-authors are Gurpreet Kaur and Kelly Nelson at Mizzou; Ramandeep Kumar Sharma at Rutgers University; Amrinder Jakhar at University of Georgia; Jagmandeep Dhillon at Mississippi State University; and Saseendran Anapalli at the United States Department of Agriculture’s Agricultural Research Service. Singh, Jakhar and Kaur also have joint affiliations at Mississippi State University. This study was done at the Mississippi State University Delta Research and Extension Center in collaboration with USDA Agriculture Research Service’s Crop Production System Research Unit in Stoneville, Mississippi.
[学术文献 ] A single-nucleotide mutation of G301A in GaIAA14 confers leaf curling in Gossypium arboreum 进入全文
FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE
Cotton is a crucial fiber and oil crop, playing a significant role in the textile and food industries. Its yield heavily relies on photosynthesis, a process that primarily occurs in the leaves. Consequently, leaf morphology stands as a vital agronomic trait in cotton breeding. However, research on the molecular mechanisms underlying cotton leaf morphogenesis remains relatively limited. Here we identified a curly leaf mutant (CU) in Gossypium arboreum by ethyl methylsulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The genetic analysis revealed that the curly leaf trait in this mutant is a semi-dominant characteristic controlled by a single gene. The map-based cloning of the CU locus showed a single-nucleotide mutation from G to A at the 301st positions in AUX/IAA14 protein (GaIAA14), which resulted in an amino acid substitution from valine (V) to isoleucine (I). After silencing GaIAA14 through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology in CU mutant, the leaves exhibited a flattened phenotype, indicating that GaIAA14 is a key gene regulating leaf curling in cotton. Comparative transcriptomic RNA-Seq analysis revealed significant changes in the expression levels of most auxin-related genes, suggesting that the mutation disrupts auxin signaling transduction. These findings establish a foundation for further functional studies of this gene and provide research strategies for leaf morphology improvement.
