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[前沿资讯 ] The Anatomy of a Tea Blend 进入全文
World Tea News 网站
Let's dissect a tea blend, say, "Strawberry Sunshine." The ingredients are black tea, freeze-dried strawberry pieces, natural flavor, and safflower petals. The visual appeal is immediate: bright red strawberry pieces promise an authentic berry taste, and delicate flower petals add elegance and color. There's an industry secret that usually surprises people—those beautiful strawberry pieces contribute virtually nothing to the actual flavor you taste in your cup. In our hypothetical fruit-flavored blend, the base tea might comprise 92% of the total weight, while those eye-catching strawberry pieces represent only 5%, natural flavoring accounts for 2%, and the decorative petals make up just 1%. The reality is that only the black tea base and the added flavoring create the strawberry taste experience. The tea acts as a flavor carrier, lending body and mouthfeel, while the fruit pieces and flower petals provide the crucial visual cues that help customers identify it as a strawberry-flavored blend.
[学术文献 ] Glutathionylation-mediated degradation of a cap-binding protein enhances Arabidopsis resistance to Plutella xylostella 进入全文
Plant Cell 期刊
The lepidopteran insect pest diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) causes severe yield losses in cruciferous plants worldwide; therefore, there is an urgent need to characterize the genes for resistance to P. xylostella in plants and decipher their mechanisms. We previously demonstrated that inactivating NOVEL CAP-BINDING PROTEIN (NCBP), also known as RESISTANCE TO PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (RPX1), enhanced Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resistance to P. xylostella larvae, and the larval infestation caused NCBP degradation. Here, we report that MYB30-INTERACTING WD40 PROTEIN 1 (MIW1), a component of the Cul4-RING ubiquitin ligase complex, interacts with NCBP and causes its degradation through the 26S proteasome pathway. Protein interaction, degradation, and site mutagenesis assays of NCBP indicate that the glutathione transferase GSTF2 also interacts with NCBP and promotes its glutathionylation, ubiquitination, and degradation. GSTF2 and glutathionylation of NCBP enhance the interaction between MIW1 and NCBP. Moreover, consistent with the roles of GSTF2 and MIW1 in P. xylostella resistance, gstf2 and miw1 mutants were sensitive to larval infestation, whereas transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing GSTF2 and MIW1 were more resistant to the larvae. These findings demonstrate a role for glutathionylation in regulating 26S proteasome-mediated protein degradation in plant resistance to insect pests, thus revealing the functional mechanism of NCBP in this process.
[学术文献 ] Environmental Change Is Reshaping the Temperature Sensitivity of Sesquiterpene Emissions and Their Atmospheric Impacts 进入全文
Global Change Biology 期刊
Air temperature is a critical regulator of ecosystem functions, including the release of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) that mediate biosphere-atmosphere interactions. Among these, sesquiterpenes (SQTs) stand out for their dual role as ecologically significant compounds and highly reactive atmospheric constituents. Despite the inherently complex relationship between temperature and biogenic emissions, global emission estimates rely on simplistic parameterizations, assuming a fixed exponential response across all ecosystems and environmental conditions. Here, we synthesize two decades (1997–2019) of SQT emission studies, uncovering significant variability in temperature responses and basal emission rates driven by plant functional types (PFTs) and diverse environmental co-factors. When PFT-dependent parameterizations are integrated into emission-chemistry simulations, the results reveal sensitive feedbacks on atmospheric processes, including ground-level ozone (O3) production and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Surprisingly, we identify a statistically significant decline in SQT temperature responses over time, suggesting that evolving environmental changes are reshaping the fundamental relationship between temperature and SQT emissions. This meta-analysis highlights the temperature sensitivity of sesquiterpenes (βSQT) as a key parameter at the interface of the biosphere, abiotic and biotic environmental change, and atmospheric processes, with cascading effects on air quality and climate. Our findings emphasize the potential to consider βSQT as a “volatile stressometer” for ecosystem-atmosphere interactions, where environmental stresses regulate the emission responses, with cascading effects on atmospheric chemistry and wider implications for future climate-vegetation feedbacks.
[统计数据 ] Tea Import value from Five Continents in 2023 (FAOSTAT) 进入全文
FAO 网站
根据FAOSTAT，最新统计了2023年度五大洲和世界茶叶进口额（1000 USD），以及相应数据标记说明，详细数据见表Tea Import value from Five Continents in 2023 (FAOSTAT)。
[学术文献 ] Genetic Warfare: The Plant Genome's Role in Fending Off Insect Invaders 进入全文
Archives Of Insect Biochemistry And Physiology 期刊
The plant defense against insects is multiple layers of interactions. They defend through direct defense and indirect defense. Direct defenses include both physical and chemical barriers that hinder insect growth, development, and reproduction. In contrast, indirect defenses do not affect insects directly but instead suppress them by releasing volatile compounds that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. Insects overcome plant defenses by deactivating biochemical defenses, suppressing defense signaling through effectors, and altering their behavior through chemical regulation. There is always a genetic war between plants and insects. In this genetic war, plant-insect co-evolution act as both weapons and messengers. Because plants always look for new strategies to avoid insects by developing adaptation. There are molecular processes that regulate the interaction between plants and insect. Here, we examine the genes and proteins involved in plant-insect interactions and explore how their discovery has shaped the current model of the plant genome's role. Plants detect damage-associated and herbivore-associated molecular patterns through receptors, which trigger early signaling pathways involving Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. The specific defense mechanisms are activated through gene signaling pathways, including phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Expanding plant genome approaches to unexplored dimensions in fending off insects should be a future priority in order to develop management strategies.
[学术文献 ] Prediction of Biological Activities of Volatile Metabolites Using Molecular Fingerprints and Machine Learning Methods 进入全文
Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering 期刊
Volatile metabolites are small molecules, comprise a diverse chemical group with various biological activities and have high vapor pressures under ambient conditions. It is crucial to determine the biological activities of volatile metabolites as they play important roles in chemical ecology and human healthcare. In this study, we have accumulated 341 volatiles emitted by biological species associated with 11 types of biological activities and deposited the data into our database, which is called KNApSAcK Metabolite Ecology Database. Using this dataset, we have developed 72 classification models to predict biological activities of volatile metabolites by using various machine learning methods. Eight types of molecular fingerprints were used to represent the molecules, which are PubChem (881 bits), CDK (1024 bits), Extended CDK (1024bits), MACCS (166 bits), Klekota-Roth (4860 bits), Substructure (307 bits), Estate (79 bits), and atom pairs (780 bits). A new type of fingerprint was also proposed by combining all features of these eight fingerprints (Combine, 9121 bits). The best classification model was developed by our proposed fingerprint (Combine, 9121 bits) trained with gradient boosting method algorithm (GBM) with predictive accuracy at 94.43%. The results indicated that molecular fingerprints and machine learning methods could be useful for predicting biological activities of volatile metabolites.
