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[学术文献 ] 葫芦科植物幼嫩子房壁制片技术的优化及其染色体倍性鉴定 进入全文
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该研究利用黄瓜、甜瓜、西瓜和西印度黄瓜这几种葫芦科植物的幼嫩子房壁作为材料进行染色体制片,探索子房材料的样品大小、预处理时间和酶解时间对染色体制片的影响及其优化,并用该制片方法对黄瓜候选单倍体植株的子房壁进行倍性鉴定和荧光原位杂交实验。结果发现:(1)黄瓜、甜瓜、西瓜和西印度黄瓜的幼嫩子房壁最佳预处理时间分别为1 h 30 min、1 h、55 min和45 min,子房长度为0.2~1 cm,子房壁材料切成边长为1~1.5 mm小块,酶解时间为1 h 10 min^1 h 20 min时,用该优化制片方法均可观察到较多的分裂相。(2)利用该方法鉴定结果显示,葫芦科植物黄瓜、甜瓜、西瓜和西印度黄瓜的染色体分别为14、24、22和24条,黄瓜候选单倍体植株的体细胞染色体数为7条。(3)将该制片方法获得的染色体装片用于荧光原位杂交结果显示,在二倍体黄瓜染色体中有3对明亮的45S rDNA杂交信号和1对5S rDNA杂交信号,而单倍体黄瓜中相应信号数量均减半;在甜瓜、西瓜和西印度黄瓜中均有2对45S rDNA杂交信号和1对5S rDNA杂交信号。研究认为,利用葫芦科植物子房壁作为制片材料,不仅可以获得良好的分裂相,还具有易于取材、制片效率高等优点,因此子房壁制片法是研究植物染色体数目和鉴定倍性的有效方法,且该制片方法也适用于进一步的荧光原位杂交分析。
[学术文献 ] 不同葫芦科作物中瓜氨酸含量的比较 进入全文
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为了解瓜氨酸在不同葫芦科作物中的含量差异,以9种葫芦科作物为研究对象,分别测定了其果实、老叶、幼叶、根、茎中的瓜氨酸含量。结果表明,比较9种葫芦科作物的所有组织中的瓜氨酸含量,发现西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)果实中的瓜氨酸含量(w,后同)最高,可以达到1.40 g·kg~(-1),其次是丝瓜(Luffa aegyptiaca)老叶中的瓜氨酸含量,为0.85 g·kg~(-1),再次是苦瓜(Momordica charantia)老叶中的瓜氨酸含量,为0.66 g·kg~(-1)。比较不同葫芦科作物同一组织间瓜氨酸含量发现,不同作物果实中,西瓜的瓜氨酸含量最高,为1.40 g·kg~(-1);茎中瓠瓜(Lagenaria siceraria)的瓜氨酸含量最高,为0.39 g·kg~(-1);根中苦瓜的瓜氨酸含量最高,为0.43 g·kg~(-1),幼叶中苦瓜的瓜氨酸含量最高,为0.47 g·kg~(-1),而在老叶中丝瓜的瓜氨酸含量较高,为0.85 g·kg~(-1)。综上所述,葫芦科作物不仅在果实中含有瓜氨酸,其他组织也是潜在的瓜氨酸来源。
[学术文献 ] 葫芦科作物苦味物质葫芦素的研究进展 进入全文
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葫芦素是一种广泛分布在葫芦科作物中的葫芦烷型四环三萜类物质,这种物质不仅能增强作物对虫害的抵御能力,还具有抗癌、消炎的作用,但它使葫芦科作物出现苦味。本文综述了葫芦素的结构、分布、合成、转运及调控几方面的研究现状与进展,并对今后无苦味葫芦科蔬菜育种、葫芦素的工厂化高效合成及葫芦素在植物体内的转运、转化及降解研究进行了展望,以期为更高效地运用葫芦素、解决生产中的苦味瓜问题提供参考。
[学术文献 ] 45S和5S rDNA序列在20种葫芦科植物染色体上的定位 进入全文
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【目的】了解45S和5S rDNA序列在20种葫芦科Cucurbitaceae植物基因组中位点数目和分布特点,为研究葫芦科植物核型、遗传育种和进化分类等提供依据。【方法】采用改进的荧光原位杂交（FISH）法,在45S rDNA和5S rDNA的5′端进行荧光修饰,对20种葫芦科植物中期染色体进行45S和5S rDNA的物理定位,在Nikon 80i荧光显微镜下观察,冷CCD收集图像并分析。【结果】确定了金瓜Gymnopetalum chinense、波棱瓜Herpetospermum pedunculosum、葫芦Lagenaria siceraria、木鳖子Momordica cochinchinensis、云南木鳖Momordica dioica、西葫芦Cucurbita pepo、蛇瓜Trichosanthes anguina、糙点栝楼Trichosanthes dunniana、全缘栝楼Trichosanthes ovigera、钮子瓜Zehneria maysorensis、红瓜Coccinia grandis和佛手Sechium edule等12种植物45S rDNA和5S rDNA荧光位点在中期染色体上的数量、位置和特征,在这些植物中分别检测到3、7、2、4、2、5、3、3、5、1、2和2对45S rDNA,检测到2、1、1、1、1、2、1、1、1、1、1和1对5S rDNA。20种植物中,45S rDNA和5S rDNA在染色体短臂、短臂顶端和着丝点等位置均有分布。【结论】FISH是葫芦科植物构建精细核型的有效工具,可帮助判断随体、鉴别染色体和鉴定同源染色体,是核型分析的有力佐证。
[学术文献 ] Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes of kenaf cytoplasmic male sterile line and its maintainer line 进入全文
Nature
Kenaf is a great source of bast fiber and possesses significantly industrial interests. Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the basis of heterosis utilization in kenaf. Chloroplast, an important organelle for photosynthesis, could be associated with CMS. To understand the phylogenetic position and molecular basis of kenaf CMS from the perspective of chloroplast, the chloroplast (cp) genomes of the CMS line P3A and its maintainer line P3B were characterized and their comparative analysis was also performed. In this study, the chloroplast genomes of P3B and P3A were sequenced with 163,597 bp and 163,360 bp in length, respectively.A total of 131 genes including 85 protein coding genes (PCGs), 38 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, and 8 ribosome RNA (rRNA) genes were annotated in P3B, while 132 genes containing 83 PCGs, 41 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes were found in P3A. The phylogenetic tree revealed that kenaf was closely related to Hibiscus syriacus and Abelmoschus esculentus. Further analysis of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion and deletion (InDel) showed that compared with P3B, a total of 22 SNPs and 53 InDels were detected in gene coding region, gene intron, and intergenic regions of P3A. Remarkably, a total of 9 SNPs including 6 synonymous SNPs and 3 nonsynonymous SNPs were found in psbK, atpA, rpoC2, atpB, rpl20, clpP, rpoA, and ycf1. The present study provided basic information for further study of kenaf CMS mechsnism.
[学术文献 ] Insights into genomic structure and evolutionary processes of coastal Suaeda species in East Asia using cpDNA, nDNA, and genome-wide SNPs 进入全文
Nature
Species in the genus Suaeda have few diagnostic characters and substantial morphological plasticity. Hence, regional foras do not provide clear taxonomic information for Suaeda spp. in East Asia. In order to assess the taxonomy of four species in the genus Suaeda (S. australis, S. maritima, S.japonica, and S. heteroptera), cpDNA (rpl32-trnL and trnH-psbA), nDNA (ITS), and MIG-seq analyses were carried out. Genome-wide SNP results indicated three lineages: (1) S. australis in Korea and S. maritima in Japan, (2) S. maritima in Korea and S. heteroptera in China, and (3) S. japionica. In phylogenetic trees and genotype analyses, cpDNA and nDNA results showed discrepancies, while S. japonica and S. maritima in Korea, and S. heteroptera in China shared the same haplotype and ribotype. We suggest that the shared haplotype may be due to chloroplast capture. Based on our results, we assume that S. japonica was formed by homoploid hybrid speciation between the two lineages.
