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[学术文献 ] 农业支持水平及政策结构变动的国际比较分析——基于欧盟、美国、澳大利亚、日本、韩国、巴西、中国的考察 进入全文
世界农业
把握国际农业支持政策最新变化趋势，对于中国农业支持政策的调整和制定具有重要借鉴意义。本文运用OECD政策评估体系，对比分析了发达经济体和新兴经济体的农业支持水平与支持政策结构变动。研究发现：(1)发达经济体农业支持总量投入相对稳定，同期中国农业支持总量迅速增加，但农业支持强度与发达经济体相比仍有一定差距。(2)在农业总支持结构中，生产者支持仍是样本经济体农业支持政策的主流趋势，农产品主要出口国由生产者支持转向消费者支持倾向显著。(3)从生产者支持结构看，生产者保护政策由价格支持向经营者直接补贴转变已成为全球发展的必然方向。在直接补贴方式上，新兴经济体倾向于与生产挂钩的农业投入品政策使用，发达经济体侧重农业环境保护相关脱钩政策使用，且脱钩政策具有农产品针对性、工具多样性特点。(4)从一般服务支持结构看，发达经济体较为注重对农业知识与创新、农业基础设施建设和维护以及农产品营销和推广的支持；新兴经济体巴西与之类似，农业知识与创新是其一般服务支持的重点；在中国，一般服务支持的大部分主要投向公共储备和基础设施。在此基础上，本文从加大农业支持力度、优化农业支持结构等方面对中国农业支持政策调整提出了相关建议。
[学术文献 ] 农产品标准协调助推了贸易增长吗？——基于中国果蔬类农产品出口贸易的实证分析 进入全文
中国农村经济
本文聚焦于双边贸易中的农产品标准协调，基于2012-2018年中国与109个国家（地区）的贸易数据，在测度农产品标准协调的基础上，定量分析其对中国果蔬类农产品出口贸易的影响。研究发现：农产品标准协调助推了中国果蔬类农产品出口贸易增长，这一结果在经过更换核心解释变量和被解释变量、调整样本以及引入工具变量等检验后仍然保持稳健；机制分析显示，农产品标准协调降低贸易成本，促进农产品进入进口国（地区）市场，减缓从进口国（地区）市场的退出，且农产品标准协调对贸易的促进作用沿外延边际展开；异质性分析显示，农产品标准协调促进了中国果蔬类农产品出口到发展中国家，但对出口到发达国家产生负面作用，中国与高标准国家（地区）协调农产品标准以及高程度的标准协调促进了中国果蔬类农产品出口贸易增长。本文认为，对于以果蔬类农产品为代表的中国特色优势农产品而言，农产品标准协调是降低出口贸易成本和实现出口贸易稳定增长的可行路径。
[学术文献 ] 农产品贸易对农业碳排放的影响——兼议数字乡村发展的门槛效应 进入全文
华中农业大学学报(社会科学版)
基于1999-2019年中国省际面板数据，运用普通面板模型、空间面板模型与面板门槛模型实证分析了农产品贸易对农业碳排放的影响及其空间溢出效应与数字乡村发展门槛效应。研究发现：（1）农产品贸易对农业碳排放具有显著的抑制作用，并且相较于东部地区、粮食主产区以及贸易顺差区间，这种抑制作用在中西部地区、非粮食主产区以及贸易逆差区间更为显著；（2）在三种空间权重矩阵设定下，农产品贸易对本地区和“毗邻地区”农业碳排放均具有显著抑制作用，存在空间溢出效应，且相较于农产品出口贸易，农产品进口贸易抑制农业碳排放的空间溢出效应更为显著；（3）农产品贸易影响农业碳排放的过程中存在数字乡村发展双重门槛，即随着跨越数字乡村发展两道“门槛”，农产品贸易对农业碳排放的抑制作用呈现出边际递增的特征。由此，提出推动农产品贸易深度开放、构建农产品贸易交流协调机制以及增强数字乡村建设力度等政策建议。
[学术文献 ] Intersectoral labor migration and agriculture in the United States and Japan 进入全文
Agricultural Economics
In spite of important differences in their agricultural sectors, the past century has seen a significant decline in the number of people employed in agriculture in the U.S. and Japan. Economic models of intersectoral labor migration focus on expected return differentials as the primary cause of migration from one sector to another. Empirical applications typically assume that migration occurs as soon as the return differential exceeds Marshallian migration costs, but recent work has focused on embedding the migration decision in a real options framework. Structural and institutional elements can also affect the speed at which the share of agricultural labor declines. We consider the factors influencing intersectoral labor migration in the U.S. and Japan using aggregate migration equations and several definitions of agricultural labor and return differentials. We show that real options, although relevant at the household level, have limited implications for sector-level empirical models. Our estimates are inconclusive regarding the importance of the Marshallian trigger in the migration decision, with heterogeneity across the two countries and labor definitions. We argue that this heterogeneity in the wage and migration relationship is driven by differences in the structures of the agricultural sectors.
[前沿资讯 ] USDA and National Urban League Partner To Promote Equity, Increase Nutrition Security and Expand Services In Underserved Communities Across America 进入全文
美国农业部USDA
Today, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Secretary Tom Vilsack and Marc H. Morial, President of the National Urban League, announce a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to reaffirm and strengthen the relationship between USDA and the historic civil rights organization. USDA and National Urban League share a common mission to enhance equity across the country, ensure access to adequate nutrition and improve quality of life for underserved populations. Through this strategic partnership, USDA and National Urban League will work collaboratively to promote nutrition and food security, increase access to healthy foods, and ensure equitable service delivery of USDA programs in underserved communities across the country. Moreover, this union will encourage urban agriculture as a means of increasing food production and access, making a living, and improving the environment, thereby building stronger communities. “This signing reinforces USDA’s commitment to improving health outcomes and quality of life in the communities that we serve,” said Secretary Vilsack. “To help those who have been historically underserved, it is paramount that we work together with a shared commitment to improve access to our programs, equip people with the resources they need, and advance equity goals.” "This is a broad and far-reaching initiative that will address inequity and create opportunity at every level of the Department's programming and regulatory responsibility," Morial said. “We’re proud to collaborate with a forward-thinking agency that is committed to carrying out the Biden-Harris Administration’s whole-of-government equity agenda.” In addition to ensuring adequate nutrition and promoting health equity, this MOU establishes the inclusion of urban agriculture and rural development opportunities into USDA's workforce development and entrepreneurship programs so current and future workers can acquire the skills needed to meet the demands of highly skilled agricultural jobs. Together, USDA and National Urban League will explore and develop ways to engage the civil rights organization in an effort to enhance USDA's ability to fulfill its missions efficiently and fairly. The first phase of the partnership will focus on identifying and developing areas in which the USDA offices and agencies can improve their ability to carry out missions through cooperation with and assistance from the National Urban League. Areas include but are not limited to home ownership, access to broadband, help for veterans, and youth development. Another common goal of this partnership will be to increase awareness and understanding of USDA programs and resources.
[学术文献 ] Overcoming data barriers in spatial agri-food systems analysis: A flexible imputation framework 进入全文
Journal of Agricultural Economics
Suppressions in public data severely limit the usefulness of spatial data and hinder research applications. In this context, data imputation is necessary to deal with suppressed values. We present and validate a flexible data imputation method that can aid in the completion of under-determined data systems. The validations use Monte Carlo and optimisation modelling techniques to recover suppressed data tables from the 2017 US Census of Agriculture. We then use econometric models to evaluate the accuracy of imputations from alternative models. Various metrics of forecast accuracy (i.e., MAPE, BIC, etc.) show the flexibility and capacity of this approach to accurately recover suppressed data. To illustrate the value of our method, we compare the livestock water withdrawal estimations with imputed data and suppressed data to show the bias in research applications when suppressions are simply dropped from analysis.
