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[行业报告 ] G20 Matera Declaration calls for investing more and better in food systems to achieve Zero Hunger 进入全文
国际食品政策研究所IFPRI
Global hunger has been on the rise since 2014, and the world is not on track to achieve the goal of Zero Hunger (SDG2). If current trends continue without concerted and collaborative actions to tackle the challenge, 840 million people will come under the grip of hunger by 2030. The COVID-19 pandemic has worsened the situation, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where compounding effects—conflict, economic downturns and shocks, and climate variability—are causing distress. On June 29, the G20 foreign affairs and development ministers signed the Matera Declaration (named for the town in southern Italy where they met), which outlines an agenda for addressing global food insecurity and putting the world back on track to end hunger within the decade. These commitments are ambitious, but—as always—the proof of the pudding is in the eating.
[行业报告 ] Hunger Hotspots FAO-WFP early warnings on acute food insecurity 进入全文
粮农组织-世界粮食计划署
Efforts to fight a global surge in acute food insecurity are being stymied in several countries by fighting and blockades that cut off life-saving aid to families on the brink of famine, warn the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Food Programme (WFP) in a new report issued today. Bureaucratic obstacles as well as a lack of funding also hamper the two UN agencies' efforts to provide emergency food assistance and enable farmers to plant at scale and at the right time. This is of grave concern as conflict, the economic repercussions of COVID-19 and the climate crisis are expected to drive higher levels of acute food insecurity in 23 hunger hotspots over the next four months, according to the report, as acute food insecurity continues to increase in scale and severity. The 23 hotspots are: Afghanistan; Angola; Central African Republic; Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua); Central Sahel (Burkina Faso, Mali and the Niger); Chad; Colombia; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Democratic People's Republic of Korea; Ethiopia; Haiti; Kenya; Lebanon; Madagascar; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nigeria; Sierra Leone together with Liberia; Somalia; South Sudan; the Sudan; Syria; and Yemen. FAO and WFP have already warned that 41 million people were at risk of falling into famine unless they received immediate food and livelihood assistance. 2020 saw 155 million people facing acute food insecurity at Crisis or worse levels in 55 countries (IPC/CH Phases 3 or worse) according to the Global Report on Food Crises, an increase of more than 20 million from 2019 - and the trend is only expected to worsen this year. "The vast majority of those on the verge are farmers. Alongside food assistance, we must do all we can to help them resume food production themselves, so that families and communities can move back towards self-sufficiency and not just depend on aid to survive," said FAO Director-General QU Dongyu. "That's difficult without access, and without adequate funding - and so far, support to agriculture as key means of preventing widespread famine remains largely overlooked by donors, unfortunately. Without such support to agriculture, humanitarian needs will keep skyrocketing, that's inevitable," he added. "Families that rely on humanitarian assistance to survive are hanging by a thread. When we cannot reach them that thread is cut, and the consequences are nothing short of catastrophic," warned David Beasley, WFP Executive Director. Communities cut off from aid The report highlights that conflict, climate extremes and economic shocks - often related to the economic fallout of COVID-19 - will likely remain primary drivers of acute food insecurity for the August-November 2021 period. Transboundary threats are an aggravating factor in some regions. In particular, desert locust infestations in the Horn of Africa and African migratory locust in Southern Africa require continued monitoring and vigilance. Humanitarian access constraints are another severe aggravating factor that hamper efforts to curb food crises and prevent starvation, death, and a total collapse of livelihoods, increasing the risk of famine. Countries currently facing most significant obstacles preventing aid from reaching those who need it most include Afghanistan, Ethiopia, the Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Mozambique, Myanmar, the Niger, Nigeria, South Sudan, Somalia, the Sudan, Syria and Yemen. "The road to Zero Hunger isn't paved with conflict, checkpoints and red tape. Humanitarian access isn't some abstract concept - it means authorities approving paperwork in time so that food can be moved swiftly, it means checkpoints allow trucks to pass and reach their destination, it means humanitarian responders are not targeted, so they are able to carry out their life- and livelihood-saving work," noted Beasley. Scale and severity of acute food insecurity deepens Ethiopia and Madagascar are the world's newest "highest alert" hunger hotspots according to the report. Ethiopia faces a devastating food emergency linked to ongoing conflict in the Tigray region - where reaching those desperately in need remains an enormous challenge - with 401,000 people expected to face catastrophic conditions by September - the highest number in one country since the 2011 famine in Somalia. The Famine Review Committee estimates a medium to high Risk of Famine in three out of four scenarios based on levels of conflict intensity, humanitarian supply lines, access and operations, and private supply lines and services, including a worst-case scenario in which this could happen in the short term (July - September). Meanwhile, in southern Madagascar the worst drought in 40 years - combined with rising food prices, sandstorms, and pests affecting staple crops - is expected to push 28,000 people into famine-like conditions by the end of the year. The new highest alerts issued for Ethiopia and Madagascar add to South Sudan, Yemen, and northern Nigeria, which remain among the acute food insecurity hotspots of greatest global concern. In some areas of these countries populations already experiencing catastrophic levels of food insecurity and significant numbers of people are additionally at risk. The report also flags other countries as amongst the worst hunger hotspots - where life-threatening hunger is on the rise - Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo - the country with the highest number of people in urgent need of food assistance in the world, Haiti, Honduras, the Sudan, and Syria. For example, in Afghanistan, acute food insecurity is becoming increasingly critical due to ongoing drought, rising conflict-driven displacement as well as high food prices and widespread unemployment caused by COVID-19. Meanwhile, in Haiti an already precarious food insecurity situation is expected to get worse as the country faces likely lower staple crop production due to lack of/irregular rains and is reeling from worsening political instability and food price inflation, and the impacts of COVID-19-related restrictions. Humanitarian action is urgently needed to prevent hunger, famine and death in all 23 hotspots, the report warns, providing country-specific recommendations covering both shorter-term emergency responses, as well as anticipatory actions to protect rural livelihoods and increase agricultural production to prevent food insecurity from worsening and help at-risk communities better withstand future shocks.
[行业报告 ] Are data available for tracking progress on nutrition policies, programs, and outcomes in Bangladesh? 进入全文
国际食品政策研究所
The World Health Organization (WHO) and other global nutrition and health agencies recommend nutrition actions throughout the life-course to address malnutrition in all its forms. In this report, we examine how Bangladesh’s nutrition policies and programs address recommended nutrition actions, determinants, and outcomes. We review population-based surveys to assess the availability of data on nutrition actions, nutrition outcomes, and determinants of these outcomes; we also assess the data availability in administrative data systems for selected nutrition actions and outcomes. Our policy review identified a total of 53 recommended evidence-based nutrition actions; of these, 51 were applicable to Bangladesh, and 47of those were addressed in the country’s nutrition policies and programs. Nutrition actions that were not included in current policies and programs were: deworming during preconception and advice on consuming calcium during pregnancy. In terms of the two nutrition actions targeting early childhood, food supplementation and iron and folic acid (IFA) supplementation were not addressed by either policies or programs. National strategies and plans recognized and aimed to address all key determinants of nutrition; they also expressed an intent to address all Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) nutrition targets for maternal, infant, and young child nutrition. The Global Nutrition Monitoring Framework (GNMF) targets related to underweight among non-pregnant women 15 to 49 years and overweight among school children and adolescents five to 19 years were not addressed in the national strategies. Of the 47 actions that Bangladesh’s policies and programs address, our data review indicated that population-based surveys contained data on only 19 actions. However, of the 29 selected actions reviewed in the administrative data system, data was available only 24 actions. Data was not available from population-based surveys on a number of indicators, including to the following: IFA supplementation and deworming during adolescence; IFA supplementation during preconception; indicators focused on pregnant women including calcium supplementation, deworming, and counseling during pregnancy; indicators aimed at the postnatal period including breastfeeding support, optimal feeding of low-birth-weight infants, IFA supplementation, and food supplementation; indicators targeting early childhood including counseling on breastfeeding, counseling on complementary feeding, iron-containing micronutrient powder (MNP), growth monitoring, counseling on nutritional status, identification of severe or moderate underweight, and inpatient management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Administrative data systems did not contain data on counseling on exclusive breastfeeding during pregnancy, assessment of birth weight, breastfeeding support, optimal feeding of low-birth-weight infants and counseling of mothers on Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) during pregnancy. Population-based surveys contained data on most indicators related to immediate and underlying determinants of undernutrition. In terms of outcomes related to children under five, administrative data systems and population-based surveys contained data on low birthweight, stunting, wasting, underweight, and overweight; for adolescents 11 to 19 years and non-pregnant women they contained data only on underweight. Data was available on overweight, hypertension and diabetes among adults in population-based surveys. Population based survey did not collect data on anemia among women and children. In conclusion, Bangladesh’s policy landscape for nutrition is robust; however, the gaps in data availability for tracking progress on nutrition are much greater than the gaps in the policies and programs that are designed to address the recommended actions. Future population-based surveys and future modifications of other data systems should aim to fill the identified data gaps for nutrition actions and few indicators under nutrition outcomes.
[行业报告 ] 2021 Global report on food crises: Joint analysis for better decisions 进入全文
粮食安全信息网FSIN
Founded by the European Union, FAO and WFP at the 2016 World Humanitarian Summit, the Global Network Against Food Crises is an alliance of humanitarian and development actors working together to prevent, prepare for, and respond to food crises and support the Sustainable Development Goal to End Hunger (SDG 2). It seeks to reduce vulnerabilities associated with acute hunger; achieve food security and improved nutrition; and promote sustainable agriculture and food systems, using a ‘3x3 approach.’ This involves working at the global, regional and national levels to support partnerships within existing structures and to improve advocacy, decision-making, policy and programming along the following three dimensions: Dimension 1 | Understanding food crises The work within this dimension aims to build greater consensus and promote evidencebased food security and nutrition analyses and reporting in order to strengthen the collection, quality and coverage of the food security and nutrition data and analysis, and inform decision-making and action. This will be achieved through the contribution to the Global Report on Food Crises, a unique ‘global public good’ under the coordination and leadership of the Food Security Information Network (FSIN), as well as the coordination, synthesis, and publication of technical analyses, including forward-looking analyses of food crises. Dimension 2 | Leveraging strategic investments in food security, nutrition and agriculture The work within this dimension aims to advocate for ‘fit for purpose’ financing that draws on the full range of resource flows (public and private, international and domestic) to better prepare for, prevent and respond to food crises. It seeks to improve coherence between humanitarian, development and peace actions (the HDP ‘nexus’) to build resilience to shocks and promote longer-term self-reliance. Activities include a strong focus on supporting capacity strengthening of country-level actors and institutions, as well as strengthening coordination at the regional level to ensure that investments are focused on the right place, at the right time. Dimension 3 | Going beyond food The work within this dimension aims to foster political uptake and coordination across clusters/sectors to address the underlying multi-dimensional drivers of food crises including environmental, political, economic, societal and security risk factors. It seeks to improve understanding and promote linkages between the different dimensions of fragility through knowledge sharing, advocacy and integrated policy responses.
[行业报告 ] Climate change and hunger: Estimating costs of adaptation in the agrifood system 进入全文
国际食品政策研究所
This report assesses the cost of adaptation to climate change across a range of future climate scenarios and investment options. We focus on offsetting climate change impacts on hunger through investment in agricultural research, water management, and rural infrastructure in developing countries. We link climate, crop, water, and economic models to (1) analyze scenarios of future change in the agriculture sector to 2050 and (2) assess trade-offs for these investments across key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for poverty, hunger, and water. Our reference projections show that climate change slows progress toward eliminating hunger, with an additional 78 million people facing chronic hunger in 2050 relative to a no-climate-change future, over half of them in Africa south of the Sahara. Increased investments can offset these impacts. Achieving this would require that annual investment in international agricultural research increase from US$1.62 billion to US$2.77 billion per year between 2015 and 2050. Additional water and infrastructure investments are estimated to be more expensive than agricultural R&D at about US$12.7 billion and US$10.8 billion per year, respectively, but these address key gaps to support transformation toward food system resiliency. Findings on ranges of costs and trade-offs and complementarities across SDGs will help policymakers make better-informed choices between alternative investment strategies.
[行业报告 ] The COVID-19 pandemic and its implications for food safety in East Africa 进入全文
国际牲畜研究所 ILRI
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus. It was first reported in Wuhan, China (with suspected transmission from a wet market) but has since spread to become a global challenge. The measures put in place to contain the spread of the disease have affected several aspects of the food value chain including safety. Although the virus is not transmitted through food, poor hygiene and sanitation can enhance its spread. We designed a study to explore how response to COVID-19, especially the implementation of mitigation measures, might have impacted on food safety in East Africa. The work was implemented in the framework of an ongoing food safety project in East Africa that was being led by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). Data were collected in November and December 2020 through telephone and online interviews and using a short guide developed by the project. Food safety experts (n = 25) based in countries within East Africa and who had engaged with ILRI in previous projects were asked to participate in the study. In terms of impact, livestock was ranked as the most affected value chain (60%; 15/25), followed by vegetables and fruits (32%) and finally fish (8%). For livestock products, meat (62%), dairy (38%) and poultry (12%) were the most affected by the pandemic. The cereals value chain was perceived to be the least affected (68%). As regards to regulation, staff were few and had to work in shifts. Market surveillance programs were also affected. Food safety concerns associated with bulk purchases (aflatoxins, access to expired products etc.) were reported. Gaps in the implementation of the One Health approach were observed. COVID-19 has significantly impacted food systems, not only in terms of production and access but also in terms of quality and safety of available food products. Interventions to address future pandemics will need to consider the negative impacts arising from enforcement of measures to mitigate diseases of public health importance. A One Health approach would facilitate this.
