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[学术文献 ] 发达国家和地区引进外籍农业劳动力的政策特点及启示——以欧盟、美国和韩国为例 进入全文
世界农业
欧盟、美国和韩国等发达国家和地区为缓解农业劳动力短缺问题，多年来实行引进外籍农业劳动力政策。基于本区域发展现状和特点，这三个发达国家和地区在制定政策方面各有侧重。欧盟对于外籍农业劳动力工作许可的有效期限较短，注重外籍农业劳动力的权益保障和职业培训。美国赋予外籍农业劳动力弹性入境期限，引进过程体现雇主主导、政府监督配合的自下而上型特征。韩国向外籍农业劳动力提供的签证种类多样且具有互补性，且因农业人口老龄化现象严重，引进过程呈现政府主导的自上而下型特征。此外，相较于欧盟和美国，韩国在引进外籍农业劳动力数量方面配额特征明显，对申请条件规定得更为具体且明确。鉴于此，本文建议在农业“用工荒”警报拉响前做好引进外籍农业劳动力的政策制度设计，同时构建与现代农业相适应的统计监测体系有效辅助相关政策制定和落实，并充分利用人文及地理优势条件实现农业劳动力优化配置，以缓解中国农业劳动力结构性短缺和实现农业劳动力有效供给。
[学术文献 ] Home environment and nutritional status mitigate the wealth gap in child development: A longitudinal study in Vietnam 进入全文
BMC Public Health
Background: Inequity in child development is found at early age, but limited evidence exists on whether these gaps change over time and what are the mediators. Objective: We aim to (1) quantify wealth related gaps in cognitive and socio-emotional development in early and middle childhood; (2) examine how these gaps were mitigated by maternal, child factors and home environment. Methods: We assessed the offspring of women who participated in a randomized controlled trial of preconception micronutrient supplementation in Vietnam (n = 1599). Child development was measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (at 1-2y) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children®—IV (at 6-7y). We used multivariable regression to estimate the changes in wealth gaps for child development over time, adjusting for potential factors that potentially influence cognitive development. Results: We found significant wealth gaps in cognitive development during early childhood (gaps between top and bottom quintiles: 0.5 SD); these gaps increased substantially in middle childhood (0.9 SD). Wealth disparity in social emotion did not change over time (0.26–0.28 SD). Maternal factors, quality of home environment, and child nutritional status mitigated the wealth gap in cognitive development (7-42%) in early childhood. The contribution of these mitigating factors was smaller in middle childhood (2- 15%). Wealth gap in social emotion reduced by 13% and 43% among children with better nutritional status at 2y and higher quality of home environment at 6-7y, respectively. Conclusion: Interventions focusing on improving quality of home environment, maternal education, wellbeing, and child nutrition status may help reduce developmental deficits associated with poverty.
[学术文献 ] How does the belt and road initiative affect the carbon emissions of China’s cities? 进入全文
Frontiers in Environmental Science
There is growing concern about carbon emissions as the economy grows, which is of great importance to the implementation of the green Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) development strategy. Using panel data of 282 prefecture-level cities in China from 2006–2020 and the difference-in-differences method, this paper empirically examines the effects of the BRI on carbon emissions. Both theoretical and empirical analyses indicate that the BRI can significantly reduce the carbon emission level of cities along the routes, but the impact varies in different regions and cities. The mechanism analysis shows that the BRI reduces the carbon emission level of the Belt and Road cities through the economic agglomeration effect and industrial structure effect. Therefore, China should vigorously promote green Belt and Road construction, implement a regional integration strategy, and promote the transformation and upgrading of the industrial structure. These findings have a certain reference value for the follow-up implementation of the BRI.
[学术文献 ] Farm diversity impacts on food production, income generation and environmental preservation: The Swiss case 进入全文
Journal of Cleaner Production
A sample of 239 farm year observations of Swiss farms was assessed at the product group level for analyzing the relationship between environmental and economic performance and correlations between product groups (Milk, Cattle, Cereal, Beets, and Potatoes). The farms cover the production regions valley, hill and mountains and practice organic production or proof of ecological performance (PEP), the Swiss standard production. The environmental dimension was covered by nine impact categories calculated by the Swiss Agricultural Life Cycle Assessment method (SALCA). The impacts were aggregated using a data envelopment analysis (DEA). The economic dimension is assessed by the family workforce income per product group calculated from a full cost data set from the Swiss farm accountancy data network (FADN). Hereby, all indirect costs, which cannot be directly attributed to the product groups, were allocated using standard costs. We also included productivity as a third dimension in our analysis, quantified as output per area for crop products and output per animal livestock unit for the animal product groups. No trade-offs between the environmental efficiency and the economic performance were identified. On the contrary, for Cattle and Milk we found significant synergies (1.5 times more observations show synergies than no effect or trade-offs). Furthermore we found that productivity correlated positively with environmental efficiency for Milk (coefficient = 0.27), Cattle (coefficient = 0.38) and Cereals (coefficient = 0.30), but only for Cattle (coefficient = 0.17) and Potatoes (coefficient = 0.47) it correlated with economic performance. For all product groups except Cereals, the organic farming system had 5% to 10 higher environmental efficiency and 5%–26% higher economic performance than the PEP farms. Although the differences were not significant, a consistent decrease up to −20% in environmental performance and productivity was observed between the valley/hill and the mountain region. Our results show no indication that farmers maximize their productivity or economic performance at the cost of environmental efficiency. However, the large variability suggests that there is a) room for improvement in several dimension simultaneously, and b) that maximizing productivity does not seem to be a necessity for these improvements.
[学术文献 ] Risk effects of GM corn: Evidence from crop insurance outcomes and high-dimensional methods 进入全文
Agricultural Economics
This study evaluates whether genetically modified (GM) corn hybrids with rootworm resistant traits (GM-RW) have lower yield risk. A crop insurance actuarial performance measure, the loss cost ratio (LCR), is used to represent yield risk. High-dimensional methods are utilized in this study to maintain parsimony in the empirical specification, and facilitate estimation. Specifically, we employ the Cluster-Lasso (cluster-least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) procedure. This method produces uniformly valid inference on the main variable of interest (i.e., the GM-RW variable) in a high-dimensional panel data setting even in the presence of heteroskedastic, non-Gaussian, and clustered error structures. After controlling for a large set of potential weather confounders using Cluster-Lasso, we find consistent evidence that GM corn hybrids with rootworm resistant traits have lower yield risk.
[学术文献 ] 农业支持水平及政策结构变动的国际比较分析——基于欧盟、美国、澳大利亚、日本、韩国、巴西、中国的考察 进入全文
世界农业
把握国际农业支持政策最新变化趋势，对于中国农业支持政策的调整和制定具有重要借鉴意义。本文运用OECD政策评估体系，对比分析了发达经济体和新兴经济体的农业支持水平与支持政策结构变动。研究发现：(1)发达经济体农业支持总量投入相对稳定，同期中国农业支持总量迅速增加，但农业支持强度与发达经济体相比仍有一定差距。(2)在农业总支持结构中，生产者支持仍是样本经济体农业支持政策的主流趋势，农产品主要出口国由生产者支持转向消费者支持倾向显著。(3)从生产者支持结构看，生产者保护政策由价格支持向经营者直接补贴转变已成为全球发展的必然方向。在直接补贴方式上，新兴经济体倾向于与生产挂钩的农业投入品政策使用，发达经济体侧重农业环境保护相关脱钩政策使用，且脱钩政策具有农产品针对性、工具多样性特点。(4)从一般服务支持结构看，发达经济体较为注重对农业知识与创新、农业基础设施建设和维护以及农产品营销和推广的支持；新兴经济体巴西与之类似，农业知识与创新是其一般服务支持的重点；在中国，一般服务支持的大部分主要投向公共储备和基础设施。在此基础上，本文从加大农业支持力度、优化农业支持结构等方面对中国农业支持政策调整提出了相关建议。
