共检索到1245条,权限内显示50条;
[学术文献 ] Food insecurity during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in four African countries 进入全文
Food Policy
We document trends in food security up to one full year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in four African countries. Using household-level data collected by the World Bank, we highlight differences over time amid the pandemic, between rural and urban areas, and between female-headed and male-headed households within Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria. We first observe a sharp increase in food insecurity during the early months of the pandemic with a subsequent gradual decline. Next, we find that food insecurity has increased more in rural areas than in urban areas relative to pre-pandemic data within each of these countries. Finally, we do not find a systematic difference in changes in food insecurity between female-headed and male-headed households. These trends complement previous microeconomic analysis studying short-term changes in food security associated with the pandemic and existing macroeconomic projections.
[学术文献 ] Global investment gap in agricultural research and innovation to meet Sustainable Development Goals for hunger and Paris Agreement climate change mitigation 进入全文
Frontiers In Sustainable Food Systems
This paper provides estimates of the global investment gap in agricultural research and development (R&D) and innovation. The investment gap is defined as the additional annual investments required to end hunger in 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal SDG2) and to put agriculture on the pathway to the Paris Agreement target for 1.5◦C increase over pre-industrial temperature levels. The investment gap is projected relative to a reference scenario with projections to 2030 using an integrated economic-biophysical model of the global agri-food system. In addition to showing the impacts on hunger, the modeling results are used to simulate the effect of the gap-closing investments on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agriculture. In addition to projecting the impacts of overall investment in agricultural R&D on productivity and environmental outcomes, the analysis assesses the contributions of different types of innovative technologies and farming systems to the environmental outcomes, especially technologies that contribute to sustainability outcomes. Sustainability-oriented technologies and management practices examined include conservation tillage, nitrogen-use efficiency, improved livestock management, and other climate-smart technologies. The projected results show that additional agricultural R&D investments of USD 4 billion per year above baseline investments together with USD 6.5 billion per year invested in technical climate-smart options, can reduce hunger to 5% globally and achieve 2030 GHG emission reductions consistent with the Paris Agreement 2◦C and 1.5◦C pathways to 2030.
[学术文献 ] “一带一路”沿线国家经济距离对我国农产品贸易成本的影响 进入全文
商业经济研究
随着“一带一路”倡议的提出，我国与沿线不同国家之间的经济互补程度日益增高，农产品贸易往来也越来越频繁。尽管农产品贸易成本逐渐降低，但国家之间仍然存在较高的关税、文化、制度等影响贸易成本的距离因素，而经济距离的差异也导致农产品贸易成本的差异。因此，本研究基于世界银行、世界贸易组织等多个机构的数据，对2007-2021年我国与“一带一路”沿线国家农产品贸易成本变化趋势进行实证分析。通过实证分析，为进一步推进区域经济一体化，缩小与“一带一路”国家间经济距离，进而为降低农产品贸易成本提供政策性建议。
[学术文献 ] Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century 进入全文
World Development
This paper assesses claims that, prior to the 19th century, around 90% of the human population lived in extreme poverty (defined as the inability to access essential goods), and that global human welfare only began to improve with the rise of capitalism. These claims rely on national accounts and PPP exchange rates that do not adequately capture changes in people’s access to essential goods. We assess this narrative against extant data on three empirical indicators of human welfare: real wages (with respect to a subsistence basket), human height, and mortality. We ask whether these indicators improved or deteriorated with the rise of capitalism in five world regions - Europe, Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia and China – using the chronology put forward by world-systems theorists. The evidence we review here points to three conclusions. (1) It is unlikely that 90% of the human population lived in extreme poverty prior to the 19th century. Historically, unskilled urban labourers in all regions tended to have wages high enough to support a family of four above the poverty line by working 250 days or 12 months a year, except during periods of severe social dislocation, such as famines, wars, and institutionalized dispossession – particularly under colonialism. (2) The rise of capitalism caused a dramatic deterioration of human welfare. In all regions studied here, incorporation into the capitalist world-system was associated with a decline in wages to below subsistence, a deterioration in human stature, and an upturn in premature mortality. In parts of South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Latin America, key welfare metrics have still not recovered. (3) Where progress has occurred, significant improvements in human welfare began several centuries after the rise of capitalism. In the core regions of Northwest Europe, progress began in the 1880s, while in the periphery and semi-periphery it began in the mid-20th century, a period characterized by the rise of anti-colonial and socialist political movements that redistributed incomes and established public provisioning systems.
[学术文献 ] 新疆边境口岸农产品国际贸易便利化路径研究 进入全文
贵州民族研究
目前新疆边境口岸农产品对外贸易发展势头良好，但国际贸易便利化进程仍受诸多因素制约。文章综合分析制约因素，有针对性地提出各相关国家推动口岸营商环境“三化”建设、深化海关管理体制改革、逐步实现针对边境口岸及农牧企业所产生的差异化分级化管理模式、完善通道功能、加强基础设施建设与检验检疫国际标准化力度、引导农产品错位发展、形成优势互补、实现资源优化配置和整体效益最大化、发挥边境口岸农产品贸易产业集聚能力、打造全产业链、为配套项目构建定制化的融资体系等解决路径。以上路径不仅为其他陆路边境口岸农产品国际贸易便利化提供启示，也有利于提升新疆乃至整个西北地区边境口岸的整体贸易环境，深化与相邻国家的经济文化交流。
[学术文献 ] 中国与非洲农产品贸易网络结构与合作态势分析——基于“一带一路”倡议 进入全文
中国农机化学报
农产品贸易是中非经贸合作领域中的重要组成部分。研究基于2001—2018年中非农产品贸易数据，在分析中非农产品贸易整体格局的基础上，借助社会网络分析法，从网络中心性、网络联系强度两个维度刻画中非农产品贸易网络格局并运用二次指派程序（QAP）法分析其影响因素，能够有助于建立中非农产品贸易的结构关系，从而推动双边农产品贸易的发展。结果表明，中非农产品贸易网络是循序渐进的演化过程。2009—2018年，中国与非洲10国的农产品贸易网络密度整体呈现波动式上升态势，较为明显的是“一带一路”倡议提出以来，贸易网络密度明显增加，平均密度均保持在0.6以上。从贸易中心化趋势和贸易网络格局演化可以看出，中国与非洲10国的农产品贸易中心化趋势处于中等水平，中国与主要国家的农产品贸易发展比较均衡，并没有出现个别国家垄断农产品贸易地位的现象，其农产品贸易相对度数中心势指数NC为0.493。农产品贸易虽存在明显的国别间贸易联系差距但整体网络的核心——边缘结构较为稳定，核心国家数量较多。通过QAP回归分析发现，贸易国的经济发展水平和市场规模分别为0.556和0.076,均有效地促进农产品贸易的发展，而地理距离和制度距离因素分别为-0.782和-0.103,均对农产品贸易发展产生抑制作用。最后分别从中国以及非洲各国不同角度提出促进中非农产品贸易合作健康发展的对策建议。
