Improving Trade and Transport for Landlocked Developing Countries : A Ten-Year Review

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作者：

World Bank Group

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21800

关键词：

ACCESS TO THE SEA;  ACCESSIBILITY;  AD VALOREM;  AGENCY COST;  AIR;  AIR TRANSPORT;  BENCHMARK;  BERTHS;  BILATERAL TRADE;  BLOCK TRAINS;  BORDER CROSSING;  BORDER CROSSINGS;  BORDER MANAGEMENT;  BOTTLENECKS;  BTN;  BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT;  CAF;  CAPACITY BUILDING;  CAR;  CARGO;  CARGO CONSOLIDATION;  CARGO HANDLING;  CARRIAGE;  CARRIERS;  CARTEL;  CIF;  CIVIL WAR;  COMMODITIES;  COMMODITY;  COMMODITY EXPORTS;  COMMODITY PRICES;  COMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE;  COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY;  COMPETITIVE MARKETS;  COMPETITIVENESS;  CONGESTION;  CONNECTIVITY;  CONSIGNMENT;  CONTAINERS;  COUPONS;  CUSTOMS;  CUSTOMS BROKERS;  CUSTOMS UNION;  DEVELOPING COUNTRIES;  DEVELOPING COUNTRY;  DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS;  DEVELOPMENT POLICY;  DIRECT ACCESS;  DIRECT ROUTES;  DISTRIBUTORS;  DRIVERS;  DRIVING;  DRIVING TIME;  ECONOMIC CONCENTRATION;  ECONOMIC COOPERATION;  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;  ECONOMIC INTEGRATION;  ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE;  ECONOMIC STRUCTURE;  ECONOMIC TRENDS;  ECONOMIES OF SCALE;  EXPORT GROWTH;  EXPORT MARKETS;  EXPORTS;  EXTERNAL TRADE;  FINANCIAL CRISIS;  FINANCIAL SERVICES;  FINANCIAL SUPPORT;  FIXED COSTS;  FORECASTS;  FOREIGN MARKETS;  FOREIGN TRADE;  FREIGHT;  FREIGHT FORWARDERS;  FREIGHT FORWARDING;  FREIGHT RATES;  FREIGHT TERMINALS;  FREIGHT TRAFFIC;  FREIGHT TRANSPORT;  FUEL;  FUELS;  GATT;  GDP;  GDP PER CAPITA;  GLOBAL ECONOMY;  GLOBAL MARKETS;  GOOD GOVERNANCE;  GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT;  GROWTH RATE;  HARMONIZATION;  HARMONIZED SYSTEM;  HIGH TRANSPORT;  HIGHWAYS;  INCOME;  INCOME GROUP;  INCOME GROUPS;  INCOME LEVELS;  INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY;  INFRASTRUCTURE COST;  INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT;  INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS;  INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS;  INFRASTRUCTURES;  INLAND WATERWAYS;  INSURANCE;  INTERNATIONAL CARRIAGE OF GOODS;  INTERNATIONAL PORTS;  INTERNATIONAL TRADE;  INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT;  INVENTORIES;  INVENTORY;  JOURNEYS;  LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES;  LDCS;  LINER SHIPPING;  LOADING;  LOGISTICS COSTS;  LONG-DISTANCE;  LONG-DISTANCE ROAD;  LONGER DISTANCES;  MANUFACTURING;  MARGINAL COSTS;  MARITIME TRANSPORT;  MEANS OF TRANSPORT;  MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES;  MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY;  MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES;  MILEAGE;  MODE OF TRANSPORTATION;  MODES OF TRANSPORT;  MONOPOLIES;  MONOPOLY;  NATIONAL LOGISTICS;  NATURAL RESOURCES;  PACKAGING;  PER CAPITA INCOME;  PER CAPITA INCOMES;  PERFECT COMPETITION;  PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP;  QUALITY OF TRANSPORT;  QUAYS;  RAIL;  RAIL CORRIDORS;  RAIL FREIGHT;  RAIL HEAD;  RAIL NETWORK;  RAIL SERVICES;  RAIL TRANSIT;  RAIL TRANSPORT;  RAILROAD;  RAILWAY;  RAILWAY LINE;  RAILWAYS;  REAL GDP;  RED TAPE;  REGIONAL INTEGRATION;  REGIONAL TRADE;  REGIONAL TRANSIT;  REGIONAL TRANSPORT;  REGULATOR;  REGULATORY FRAMEWORK;  ROAD;  ROAD DESIGN;  ROAD DESIGN STANDARDS;  ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE;  ROAD NETWORK;  ROAD SAFETY;  ROAD SERVICES;  ROAD TRANSPORT;  ROAD TRANSPORT SERVICES;  ROADS;  ROUTE;  ROUTES;  SAFETY;  SAVINGS;  SHARE OF WORLD TRADE;  SHIPMENTS;  SHIPPERS;  SHIPPING;  SHIPS;  SUPPLY CHAINS;  TAX;  TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE;  TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES;  TERMINAL FACILITIES;  TIRES;  TOLLS;  TRADE COMPETITIVENESS;  TRADE FACILITATION;  TRADE LOGISTICS;  TRADE PERFORMANCE;  TRADE POLICIES;  TRADING SYSTEM;  TRAFFIC;  TRAFFIC DEMAND;  TRANSIT;  TRANSIT CORRIDORS;  TRANSIT COUNTRIES;  TRANSIT POLICY;  TRANSIT SYSTEM;  TRANSIT SYSTEMS;  TRANSIT TRADE;  TRANSPARENCY;  TRANSPORT;  TRANSPORT ACTIVITIES;  TRANSPORT CORRIDORS;  TRANSPORT COSTS;  TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT;  TRANSPORT FACILITATION;  TRANSPORT INDUSTRY;  TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE;  TRANSPORT MARKET;  TRANSPORT MARKETS;  TRANSPORT MODE;  TRANSPORT OPERATIONS;  TRANSPORT OPERATORS;  TRANSPORT POLICY;  TRANSPORT PRICE;  TRANSPORT SYSTEM;  TRANSPORTATION;  TRANSPORTATION COSTS;  TRANSPORTATION POLICIES;  TRANSPORTS;  TRANSSHIPMENT;  TRAVEL TIME;  TRIP;  TRUCKS;  TRUE;  URBAN TRAFFIC;  VALUE ADDED;  VEHICLE;  VEHICLE OPERATING;  VEHICLE OPERATING COSTS;  VEHICLES;  VOLATILITY;  WAGES;  WAREHOUSES;  WORLD ECONOMY;  WORLD MARKETS;  WORLD TRADE;  WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION;  WTO;  Report; 

年份：

2014

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are completely dependent on their transit neighbors infrastructure and administrative procedures to transport their goods to port. This publication provides a comprehensive ten-year review in order to assess the progress made in improving access of LLDCs to global markets, identify the remaining challenges faced by LLDCs, and present improved and innovative ways to overcome them. This publication is based on the practical knowledge from implementing the Almaty Program policies, shared by both of our institutions. It provides a snapshot of the economic trends in LLDCs, with regard to trade costs, connectivity constraints and trade diversification. It reviews the key access policies in the Almaty Program of Action framework that include infrastructure, transport and logistics services, regional integration, trade and transit facilitation. It combines data and substantial feedback from implemented projects and policy changes. The focus of the document is general in scope and does not include detailed economic or policy analysis of all the potential components of reforms. The publication is organized as follows: Chapter1: Economics of Landlockedness; Chapter 2: Connectivity Constraints; Chapter 3: Hinterland Connections; Chapter 4: Transit and Trade Facilitation, Regional Integration; Chapter 5: Physical Connectivity, Corridors. This document is based primarily on the experience of project implementation by the World Bank, and on analytical work on trade corridors and LLDCs, including reports and presentations on progress in implementing the Almaty Program of Action.