Public Expenditure Review of the Education Sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo : An Efficiency, Effectiveness, and Equity Analysis

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作者：

World Bank Group

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22932

关键词：

SCHOOL SYSTEM;  HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION;  MALE STUDENTS;  FORMAL EDUCATION;  SCHOOL COSTS;  TEACHERS;  EDUCATION MANAGEMENT;  EDUCATION AUTHORITIES;  DROPOUT RATE;  NUMBER OF SCHOOLS;  SCHOOL CONTEXT;  SCHOOLING;  EDUCATION POLICY;  FEMALE PARTICIPATION;  PRIMARY CYCLE;  GROSS ENROLLMENT RATIO;  EDUCATION OUTCOMES;  HIGHER EDUCATION;  GROSS ENROLMENT;  SCHOOL STATUS;  LITERACY RATES;  LOCAL SCHOOLS;  BACHELOR DEGREE;  LIFE EXPECTANCY;  ACCESS TO EDUCATION;  LITERACY;  NET ENROLLMENT RATIO;  KNOWLEDGE;  EDUCATION EXPENDITURE;  UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION;  GENDER GAP;  QUALITY OF EDUCATION;  TRAINING;  EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT;  PRIVATE SCHOOLS;  GROSS ENROLMENT RATE;  SECONDARY SCHOOLS;  GENDER GAP IN LITERACY;  PRIMARY COMPLETION RATE;  SCHOOL PROGRAMS;  SECONDARY SCHOOL;  HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS;  PRIMARY LEVEL OF EDUCATION;  EDUCATION BUDGET;  VOCATIONAL EDUCATION;  LEARNING;  SCHOOL COMPLETION;  MIDDLE SCHOOLS;  PASS RATE;  SCHOOL LEVEL;  TEACHING QUALITY;  ENROLLMENT RATIOS;  PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION RATES;  RETENTION RATES;  SCHOOL HEADS;  RURAL SCHOOL;  GENDER PARITY INDEX;  EXAM SCORE;  SCHOOL PARTICIPATION;  SCHOOL SIZE;  BENEFITS OF EDUCATION;  NON-FORMAL EDUCATION;  DROPOUT RATES;  LITERACY SKILLS;  SCHOOL FACILITIES;  VALUES;  PUBLIC EXPENDITURE;  SCHOOL ATTENDANCE;  LEARNING OUTCOMES;  ENROLLMENT RATE;  TEXTBOOK;  INDIGENOUS PEOPLE;  SCHOOL FEE;  SCHOOL SUPPLIES;  EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION;  EARLY CHILDHOOD;  SCHOOL CHILDREN;  FEMALE ENROLLMENT;  CURRICULUM;  TEACHER;  FEMALE LITERACY;  FEMALE STUDENTS;  TEACHER RATIO;  GROSS ENROLLMENT RATE;  SCHOLARSHIP PROGRAMS;  TEACHER RECRUITMENT;  EDUCATION;  PRIMARY LEVELS;  CLASS SIZES;  ENROLLMENT OF CHILDREN;  SECONDARY VOCATIONAL EDUCATION;  UNIVERSAL PRIMARY COMPLETION;  PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS;  PUBLIC SCHOOL;  PUBLIC SCHOOLS;  NET ENROLLMENT;  NUMBER OF STUDENTS;  FEES;  TEACHERS’  SALARY;  REPETITION RATES;  CLASSROOMS;  SCHOOL;  QUALITY OF TEACHERS;  SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT;  SECONDARY EDUCATION;  SKILLS;  EDUCATION MINISTRIES;  VOCATIONAL COURSES;  FORMAL EDUCATION SYSTEM;  SCHOOL TEACHERS;  EDUCATION CYCLE;  SCHOOL HEAD;  STUDENT-TEACHER RATIO;  EQUITABLE ACCESS;  ENROLLMENT RATIO;  SCHOOL ENROLLMENT;  HIGHER LEVELS OF EDUCATION;  LEVELS OF EDUCATION;  SCIENCE TEXTBOOK;  SCHOOL MAPPING;  EDUCATION EXPENDITURES;  GENDER PARITY;  DISTANCE LEARNING;  ADULT EDUCATION;  SOCIAL BENEFITS;  FREE EDUCATION POLICY;  ADULTS;  TEACHER UNIONS;  TEXTBOOKS;  RESOURCES PER CHILD;  EDUCATION FOR ALL;  COMPLETION RATES;  PRIMARY SCHOOL COMPLETION;  EDUCATION POLICIES;  TEACHER TRAINING;  EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENTS;  EDUCATION INVESTMENTS;  PRIMARY LOWER SECONDARY;  RETURNS ON INVESTMENT IN EDUCATION;  PRIMARY ENROLLMENT;  PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ON EDUCATION;  OFFICIAL SCHOOL AGE;  SCHOOL AGED CHILDREN;  SCHOOL OWNERSHIP;  RELIGIOUS EDUCATION;  EDUCATION SYSTEM;  TEACHER SALARIES;  JOB TRAINING;  PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM;  PRIMARY SCHOOL;  EDUCATION ATTAINMENT;  FEMALE TEACHERS;  PRIMARY EDUCATION POLICY;  TEACHING;  GROSS ENROLLMENT;  SCHOOL NETWORK;  PRIMARY EDUCATION CYCLE;  PRIMARY EXAMINATION;  READING;  SCHOOL MANAGEMENT;  GROSS ENROLLMENT RATES;  SCHOOL YEAR;  FREE EDUCATION;  EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT;  VOCATIONAL TRAINING;  PRIMARY COMPLETION;  ENROLLMENT RATES;  PUBLIC EXPENDITURE ON EDUCATION;  SCHOOL FEES;  UNEMPLOYMENT RATE;  SCHOOLS;  EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS;  CURRICULUM REFORM;  CURRICULA;  EDUCATION SERVICES;  NATIONAL UNIVERSITY;  FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION;  PRIMARY SCHOOL AGE;  EXAMINATION PASS RATES;  PRIVATE EDUCATION;  QUALITY SCHOOLING;  PRIMARY SCHOOL LEVEL;  SCHOOL GIRLS;  CLASS SIZE;  SCHOOL CURRICULA;  HIGHER EDUCATION ESTABLISHMENTS;  INFORMAL EDUCATION;  DOUBLE SHIFT;  SCHOOL SYSTEMS;  EDUCATION GOALS;  EQUITY IN EDUCATION;  SCHOOL FEEDING;  EDUCATION PROVIDERS;  LEVEL OF EDUCATION;  SCHOOL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM;  STUDENT TEACHER RATIO;  ASSESSMENT METHODS;  EDUCATION TARGETS;  TRAINING OF TEACHERS;  PRIMARY LEVEL;  LOWER SECONDARY LEVEL;  PRIMARY EDUCATION;  SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN;  ENROLMENT RATE;  CLASSROOM;  HIGHER GRADES;  NUMBER OF TEACHERS;  EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT;  COHORT OF STUDENTS;  GENDER EQUALITY;  PRIVATE SCHOOL;  RETURNS TO EDUCATION;  SCHOOL AGE;  Report; 

年份：

2015

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

A sound education sector is fundamental for the economic, social, and political transformation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The DRC has achieved significant progress in its education sector over the last decade, demonstrating strong resilience following a particularly violent period in its history. The DRC’s development trajectory will depend on its ability to reap the benefits of it resource-rich territory, which will require large investments in human capital to transition to an economy based on improved productivity, innovation, and technology. The DRC’s population has a very large youth cohort and reaping the benefits of the demographic dividend requires ensuring that sufficient funding is allocated to address priority issues at all levels of education. The three tenets of education investments can be summarized as follows: invest early, invest smartly, and invest for all. This report is organized into following sections: section one gives introduction, section two discusses the country context in terms of demographic dividends and available fiscal space for increasing social sector demand. Section three provides an overview of the education sector context including a chronological order of education sector policies, goals, priorities, and structure. Section four analyzes key indicators of education sector performance. Section five analyzes education sector financing including budget framework and process, the key actors, sources of funding, trends of public expenditure, budget allocation and execution, equity, affordability, and unit cost analyses. Section six examines education sector management issues focusing on efficiency and effectiveness of resources utilization. Section seven presents summary of main findings and policy recommendations. The annex section is divided into four segments including a methodological note, supporting tables, figures, and boxes for the sections.