A wearable cooling and heating system for placement at a body region of a user, including a retention mechanism defining an internal side, and an external side； a temperature modulation subsystem, coupled to the retention mechanism, including a temperature-controllable substrate arranged at the internal side of the retention mechanism, a shield, defining a shield cavity, the shield arranged at the external side of the retention mechanism and coupled to the temperature-controllable substrate, and a heat exchanger in thermal contact with the temperature-controllable substrate and arranged within the shield cavity； a control module, retained by the retention mechanism, communicatively coupled to the temperature modulation subsystem, wherein the temperature modulation subsystem is operable between a cooling mode and a heating mode by the control module, wherein the cooling mode includes generating a low temperature at the temperature-controllable substrate, and wherein the heating mode includes generating a high temperature at the temperature-controllable substrate.
