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[前沿资讯 ] 南京土壤所在全国水稻氮肥用量优化研究中获进展 进入全文
南京土壤研究所
“民以食为天,食以米为先”,水稻是我国三粮之首,事关国计民生。过去农户常以“水大肥勤不问人”作为水稻种植的金科玉律,导致“化肥依赖症”越来越重。如何实现既保证水稻增产,又最大限度降低环境成本,是实现我国水稻绿色可持续生产的必然要求,建立一套高产、高效与环保等多目标并重、简单易推广的施氮量优化技术是解决这一问题的关键环节。现行两类施氮量优化途径:一是通过土壤和/或植株测试直接确定满足作物所需的适宜施氮量,而我国以小农户种植和分散经营为主、田块小而多、复种指数高茬口紧,故该途径耗时耗力、投入较高,且当前较难大面积推行;二是以产量/施氮量田间试验为基础,确定边际效应最大化的平均适宜施氮量作为区域推荐,具有纲举目张、简便易掌握的特点和优点,但多以产量或经济效益为施氮量确定依据,忽略了环境效益,不符合水稻可持续生产的新时代要求。另外,小农户种植模式下,田块间的产量表现不尽相同,同一稻区统一氮肥优化管理仍会带来小农户田间产量的波动。因此,动员数以千万计的小农户氮肥减施颇具挑战性,同时,需要对小农户氮肥优化面临的减产风险和环境影响进行权衡分析,以达到满足社会、经济和环境效益多目标协同。对此,中国科学院南京土壤研究所与美国加利福尼亚大学、美国马里兰大学、中国农业大学等合作,构建了不同稻区水稻产量/活性氮排放与施氮量定量关系模型,建立了以经济和环境经济指标为优化依据的适宜氮量分区确定方法,并通过大范围田间试验验证了可行性,分析了产量、经济和环境经济效益变异,多角度评估了氮量优化的有效性,提出了以区域适宜施氮量为核心、可持续生产为目标的我国水稻氮肥分区控制新策略。研究提出,以氮肥减施的环境收益和区域产量经济损失上限对比作为稻区推荐施氮量确定方法,在东北和华南稻区采用更偏重经济收益,而华东、华中等活性氮排放热区更重视环境收益,通过全盘规划实现经济和环境效益双赢目标。区域施氮量优化技术可保障水稻总产能需求下,减少氮肥投入10-27%,减排活性氮7-24%。田块变异分析表明,区域氮量优化可在85-90%的点位上实现水稻基本平产或增产,90-92%点位上做到收益大体持平或增加,93-95%点位上实现环境经济效益无明显降低或提高,同时提高氮肥利用率30-36%。研究从科技、管理、政策三个层面提出了构建全国尺度大范围田块产量-施氮量动态监测试验网和“控氮”决策智能管理系统,建立适度规模经营下的氮肥配额管理与实名购买定额使用制度,出台面向全体种植户的优化氮量激励补贴等建议,可有效降低土壤、品种、栽培、管理等生产条件变化造成的田块时空异质性,实现优化施氮量的动态调整,提高准确度和适用性,以最低的技术推广成本,确保科学精准实施氮肥分区宏观调控,达到区域效益的最大化。该方法亦可与其他优化施氮技术相结合,进一步完善科学施肥。
[前沿资讯 ] 学者搭建克服籼粳亚种间杂种不育“桥梁” 进入全文
华中农业大学
水稻杂种优势的利用为保障世界粮食安全做出了巨大贡献。亚洲栽培稻分为籼稻和粳稻两个亚种,亚种间的杂交后代表现出更强的杂种优势和更高的产量潜力。但是籼稻和粳稻亚种间存在合子后生殖隔离,导致亚种间的杂种结实率仅为10%-30%,这种杂种不育现象极大地限制了亚种间强杂种优势的利用。培育与籼稻和粳稻杂交都产生正常可育后代的广亲和品种,是克服籼粳杂种不育、利用亚种间杂种优势的有效途径。但是,杂种不育的表型涉及雄配子败育、雌配子败育、雌雄配子不亲和等多种类型,在不同杂交组合鉴定的水稻杂种不育位点或基因超过50个,这些位点和基因间可能存在复杂的互作,给广亲和品种的精准设计和培育带来了困难。2023年2月25日,华中农业大学作物遗传改良全国重点实验室、湖北洪山实验室欧阳亦聃教授、米甲明副教授合作在Molecular Plant杂志在线发表了题为A minimal genome design to maximally guarantee fertile inter-subspecific hybrid rice的研究成果。该研究提出了“最简”基因组设计育种策略:鉴定到籼粳杂种不育效应最大的四个位点S5、f5、pf12和Sc,图位克隆了pf12位点并基于基因编辑创建了该位点的人工亲和系。剖析了四个位点自然变异的广亲和等位基因类型,通过对不同亲和模块在恢复系的组装创制了强广亲和性品种,可培育花粉和胚囊育性超过90%、正常结实的籼粳亚种间杂交稻,对未来培育高产籼粳杂交稻具有重要的理论和实践意义。研究工作提出“三步走”的实验方案(图1):首先是以少投入、短周期和高效率为目标,通过籼稻、粳稻和广亲和种质材料的F1杂种评估杂种不育的程度,并通过籼粳交的F2群体鉴定了效应最大的杂种不育位点,发现杂种胚囊不育位点S5和杂种花粉不育位点f5、pf12、Sc在典型籼粳交的遗传效应最大,是培育广亲和品种必须要关注的位点。在此基础上图位克隆了定位于第12染色体的杂种花粉不育位点pf12。研究团队对pf12位点的研究源起20年前,通过对籼稻、粳稻和广亲和材料的三交群体定位到了这个位点,发现pf12位点严重降低杂种花粉和小穗的育性。研究团队基于近等基因系对pf12进行了精细定位,发现定位区间内来自籼稻特异的pf12A基因在杂种中扮演着杀死粳稻雄配子、导致杂种后代偏分离的角色。通过基因编辑创建了pf12位点的人工亲和系,结果表明pf12A敲除后,杂种的花粉育性和结实率显著上升,且后代分离比恢复为孟德尔分离比。但是需要指出,对pf12位点的操纵是创建广亲和品种的必要非充分条件。鉴于此,研究团队进一步基于籼稻、粳稻和广亲和种质资源Dular两两杂交的F2群体剖析了S5、f5、pf12和Sc位点自然变异的广亲和等位基因类型,并将不同组合的亲和模块组装到优良恢复系9311中。获得的系列广亲和中间材料和6个粳稻、2个籼稻的测交结果表明,籼粳杂种的花粉育性随着组装的亲和模块的增加可提高至90%以上,表现出明显的“剂量效应”;而一直被认为调控杂种花粉育性的f5、pf12和Sc位点,其对应的广亲和等位基因在聚合系中,对胚囊育性的提高表现出“协同效应”,可以显著地降低杂种胚囊降解、小胚囊和极核异位的比例,从而将籼粳杂种的胚囊育性提高到90%以上。最终籼粳杂种的平均结实率为84.75%,可以保障亚种间杂交稻的大田生产,实现了“一桥飞架籼粳,天堑变通途”的设想,让未来籼粳杂交稻的基因组设计育种进入新纪元。
[学术文献 ] Creation of Elite Rice with High-Yield, Superior-Quality and High Resistance to Brown Planthopper Based on Molecular Design 进入全文
RICE
Breeding rice (Oryza sativa L.) with high yield, superior quality, desired grain shape and high resistance is the goal of breeding to meet the needs of current consumers. It is usually hard to combine multiple complex traits based on traditional breeding methods because they are frequently antagonistic to each other. However, molecular design breeding, as a novel breeding method, is an optional alternative to this challenge. To demonstrate molecular design breeding, 15 favorable genes from five parent lines were pyramided together to develop elite rice with high-yield, superior-quality, desired grain shape and high resistance to brown planthopper (BPH). The parental lines were 9311, the recurrent parent, carrying APO1, Ghd7, Ghd8 and Gn1a for high yield, GS3 and qSW5 for grain shape, and Wx and ALK for eating and cooking quality; 1880 with Gn8.1 for large panicles; Luo-Yu-Xiang carrying GW7 for grain shape and SBE3, SSIV2 and SSIII for eating and cooking quality; Luoyang6 with Bph6 and Luoyang9 with Bph9 for BPH resistance. After careful screening for the 15 targeted genes, desired phenotype and maximum genetic background from 9311, three molecular design lines with desired phenotypes, named as MD1 (Molecular design 1), MD2 and MD3 were developed. MD3 carried all 15 targeted genes, and MD1 and MD2 had 14 of the 15 targeted genes. Only SBE3 was not introgressed into MD1 and MD2 but this had minimal impact on the gel consistency and alkali spreading value. These newly bred lines exhibited higher yield potential, better grain quality with slender grains, low amylose content, high gel consistency and alkali spreading value, and higher BPH resistance compared to the parent 9311. In this study, we successfully created three novel rice lines with high yield, superior quality and improved BPH resistance by rational molecular design. Our results demonstrate molecular design is a powerful strategy to improve multiple complex traits and will provide a reference for the future commercial rice improvement.
[学术文献 ] Molecular Genetic Diversity and Combining Ability for Some Physiological and Agronomic Traits in Rice under Well-Watered and Water-Deficit Conditions 进入全文
PLANTS-BASEL
Water deficit is a pivotal abiotic stress that detrimentally constrains rice growth and production. Thereupon, the development of high-yielding and drought-tolerant rice genotypes is imperative in order to sustain rice production and ensure global food security. The present study aimed to evaluate diverse exotic and local parental rice genotypes and their corresponding cross combinations under water-deficit versus well-watered conditions, determining general and specific combining ability effects, heterosis, and the gene action controlling important traits through half-diallel analysis. In addition, the research aimed to assess parental genetic distance (GD) employing simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and to determine its association with hybrid performance, heterosis, and specific combining ability (SCA) effects. Six diverse rice genotypes (exotic and local) and their 15 F-1 hybrids were assessed for two years under water-deficit and well-watered conditions. The results revealed that water-deficit stress substantially declined days to heading, plant height, chlorophyll content, relative water content, grain yield, and yield attributes. Contrarily, leaf rolling and the sterility percentage were considerably increased compared to well-watered conditions. Genotypes differed significantly for all the studied characteristics under water-deficit and well-watered conditions. Both additive and non-additive gene actions were involved in governing the inheritance of all the studied traits; however, additive gene action was predominant for most traits. The parental genotypes P-1 and P-2 were identified as excellent combiners for earliness and the breeding of short stature genotypes. Moreover, P-3, P-4, and P-6 were identified as excellent combiners to increase grain yield and its attributes under water-deficit conditions. The hybrid combinations; P-1 x P-4, P-2 x P-5, P-3 x P-4, and P-4 x P-6 were found to be good specific combiners for grain yield and its contributed traits under water-deficit conditions. The parental genetic distance (GD) ranged from 0.38 to 0.89, with an average of 0.70. It showed lower association with hybrid performance, heterosis, and combining ability effects for all the studied traits. Nevertheless, SCA revealed a significant association with hybrid performance and heterosis, which suggests that SCA is a good predictor for hybrid performance and heterosis under water-deficit conditions. Strong positive relationships were identified between grain yield and each of relative water content, chlorophyll content, number of panicles/plant, number of filled grains/panicle, and 1000-grain weight. This suggests that these traits could be exploited as important indirect selection criteria for improving rice grain yield under water-deficit conditions.
[前沿资讯 ] 端粒到端粒的无缺失染色体组装技术新路线 进入全文
南京农业大学
近日,南京农业大学农学院甘祥超教授与其原德国马克斯·普朗克植物育种研究所团队在《Nature Communications》上发表题为“GALA: a computational framework for de novo chromosome-by-chromosomeassembly with long reads”的研究论文,并发布了相应的开源软件GALA (http://github.com/ganlab/gala),为利用三代测序实现端粒到端粒的无缺失染色体组装提供了一条全新的技术路线。植物和动物基因组中通常包含多条染色体,比如水稻有12对染色体,而我们人类有23对染色体。现有的染色体分离技术虽然可用实现染色体的物理分离,但是该技术依赖昂贵仪器,需要大量人力物力,难以大规模应用于基因组测序。对当前的整个基因组混合测序的数据,现有的基因组组装算法都是“先组装、后染色体分离”的流程。本研究针对现有的测序技术中多条染色体混合、数据互相串扰的瓶颈问题,首创了“先分离,后组装”的技术路线。利用多层统计网络模型,研发了将无参考序列组装复杂的流程模块化技术,首次实现了三代测序中Pacbio、Nanopore数据的集成组装,和多种异质性数据如参考基因组、遗传图谱以及Hi-C数据的灵活利用,并开发了算法GALA 。首先利用多层统计网络模型实现对预组装和原始数据编码,并利用计算机图论经典算法对数据纠错。然后利用统计网络对原始测序数据实现染色体级别的分离,该网络模型同时也可以Hi-C、Bionano、近亲或者同物种参考基因组组信息辅助数据分离。利用GALA这种先数据分离,然后组装的策略,我们可以实现线虫、水稻基因组端粒到端粒的无缺失组装。对更复杂的人类基因组,仅利用Nanopore测序数据,也能实现多条染色体的无缺失组装,进一步分析表明,部分染色体中的缺失是源自数据自身的缺失造成的。
[前沿资讯 ] 水稻田土壤重金属污染风险评估及精准修复方面取得新进展 进入全文
华中农业大学
近日,华中农业大学资源与环境学院土壤化学与环境团队在在水稻田土壤重金属污染风险评估及精准修复方面取得新进展,相关成果分别发表于环境类期刊Journal of Hazardous Materials和Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety上。水稻作为中国主要粮食作物,吸收了土壤中Cd等重金属,使其面临较严重的粮食安全问题。水稻往往易吸收土壤中生物有效态Cd,而土壤pH值和多种金属离子共存对Cd形态分布有显著影响。鉴于水稻土高异质性和复杂性,尚缺乏Cd与其它金属的交互作用对水稻毒性的影响、应用于区域尺度水稻土Cd生物有效性及其关联的水稻食品安全等预测研究。基于此,华中农业大学土壤化学与环境团队耦合多表面模型(MSM)和地理信息系统(GIS)技术实现县域尺度水稻-土壤系统中生物有效性Cd预测,进一步构建了一套基于水稻食品安全的pH调控图(图1),从而实现县域尺度石灰材料修复土壤Cd污染的精准施用技术。基于三种分析场景,本研究量化了pH对Cd生物有效性的影响贡献,显示有87.51% Cd生物有效变异解释率,并结合pH提升建议值和石灰材料施用量计算器,绘制了Cd污染修复石灰材料精确施用量地图,对研究区域水稻土Cd污染风险评估提出了有效措施。该研究结果可为重金属污染土壤修复提供精准修复策略,也可作为评估水稻土重金属环境风险的重要工具。此外,土壤化学与环境团队结合浓度相加(CA)模型、独立作用(IA)模型和多元回归树分析(MRT),建立了镉、铅复合污染对水稻毒害的定量分析体系(图2)。研究结果表明Pb-Cd间的交互作用均能减弱Pb和Cd的毒性,其中Cd对Pb毒性的抑制作用显著;Pb-Cd复合浓度相近时,Pb和Cd相互作用对水稻根系伸长具有显著的拮抗作用;在低Pb浓度(Cd > 0.0195, Pb < 0.015 mg/L),对水稻根系有协同作用;高浓度Pb (Cd < 0.225, Pb ≥ 1.25 mg/ L),Pb对水稻根系的毒性主要为Pb。该研究首次提出了评价不同剂量水平下重金属相互作用行为的系统方法,可为制定农田重金属复合污染控制标准提供方法参考。