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[前沿资讯 ] 专家团队在水稻抽穗期调控方面取得新进展 进入全文

广东省农业科学院

近日,广东省农业科学院水稻所在发育生物学权威杂志Development(发育生物学一区,IF=6.862)发表题为“OsFLZ2 interacts with OsMADS51 to fine-tune rice flowering time” 的研究论文,此研究首次发现FLZ家族基因参与调控植物开花时间,并部分揭示了OsFLZ2基因调控水稻抽穗期的分子机制,为后续培育不同抽穗期的水稻新品种奠定了基础。抽穗期是水稻重要的农艺性状,它决定着水稻的产量以及区域和季节适应性。目前,虽然已有多个水稻抽穗期基因被鉴定报道,但水稻抽穗期调控网络复杂,遗传关系网络并不完善,因此仍需要不断挖掘新的调控基因,解析其调控机制,完善遗传关系网络,从而应用于水稻分子设计育种。研究团队前期通过生物信息学分析和转基因功能验证等手段,发现一类新的调控水稻生长发育和逆境胁迫响应的FLZ(FCS-LIKE ZINC FINGER proteins)家族基因(Ma et al., 2021,马雅美等,2022)。本研究中进一步发现过量表达OsFLZ2基因可以延迟水稻开花,而敲除OsFLZ2基因则导致水稻开花提前,说明OsFLZ2负向调控水稻开花途径相关基因(Hd1、Ehd1和Hd3a)。研究团队进一步通过IP-MS等蛋白互作分析实验,证实OsFLZ2蛋白与正向调控水稻抽穗期的转录因子OsMADS51相互作用。蛋白免疫印迹、双荧光报告系统实验等表明OsFLZ2可以促进OsMADS51蛋白降解,从而抑制OsMADS51对下游靶基因Ehd1的转录激活,因而延迟水稻开花。本研究首次发现FLZ家族基因参与调控植物开花时间,并部分揭示了OsFLZ2基因调控水稻抽穗期的分子机制,为后续培育不同抽穗期的水稻新品种奠定了基础,该基因的应用已授权发明专利1项(ZL202111051863.8)。

[前沿资讯 ] 两个控制水稻芒发育小肽可促进种子传播与萌发 进入全文

华南农业大学

近日,华南农业大学农学院/岭南现代农业科学与技术广东省实验室作物资源高效团队在Molecular Plant在线发表了题为“Two awn development-related peptides, GAD1 and OsEPFL2, promote seed dispersal and germination in rice”的研究论文(连接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2022.12.011)。文章探讨水稻芒和种子萌发间的关系,揭示了两个EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR/EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE家族小肽在调控芒发育与影响水稻种子萌发中的双重功能。生存和繁衍是一切生物的本能追求。自然界中,种子传播和萌发对植物生存和繁衍至关重要。植物进化出了一系列精妙的机制来促进种子传播和萌发,其中很多与种子特性有关,如种子顶端芒的发育、落粒性和种子休眠等。一旦种子成熟,便会从母体脱落,在芒和其他种子附属物帮助下向更远的地方传播,并在合适环境下萌发。前人研究表明,小麦芒通过响应外界湿度变化将种子推入潮湿的土壤,促进种子萌发;一些禾本科牧草芒长与种子萌发也有显著相关性。然而,水稻芒对种子的萌发及与种子萌发效率是否存在关联至今仍未有报道。 金晶博士在前期研究中鉴定了两个与水稻芒发育相关基因,GAD1/OsEPFL1和OsEPFL2,它们编码属于EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR/EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTOR-LIKE家族的小肽。将水稻品种Kasalath(具有野生型OsEPFL2基因,具有长芒)与相同背景下的基因编辑突变体OsEPFL2cas(具功能缺失OsEPFL2等位基因,短芒或无芒)、W9311(具功能缺失GAD1等位基因,无芒)和OIL31(W9311与野生稻的渗入系,具野生型GAD1基因,具长芒)四个材料进行萌发实验,对GAD1和OsEPFL2基因表达进行分析,并检测种子萌发过程中可溶性糖含量和α-淀粉酶活性,结果表明,GAD1和OsEPFL2不仅调控芒的发育,还参与调控种子萌发脱落酸(ABA)是调控种子萌发的重要激素。为了探究OsEPFL2和GAD1是否通过ABA信号途径调控种子萌发,用不同浓度的ABA处理水稻材料,结果表明,OsEPFL2和GAD1能在一定程度上缓解ABA对种子萌发和萌发后生长的抑制作用。进一步检测不同萌发时期种子ABA含量发现,随着种子吸涨萌发,ABA含量均有所下降,且无芒材料OsEPFL2cas和W9311均显著高于其相应对照Kasalath和OIL31。对ABA合成和信号基因表达分析发现,GAD1和OsEPFL2通过ABA合成和/或信号途径调控种子萌发为了进一步探究水稻芒的物理结构是否影响种子萌发。对水稻芒进行人工去除,比较发现人工去除芒后Kasalath和OIL31种子与带芒种子在萌发率上并没有显著差异。那么芒的存在是否会通过影响种子进入土壤角度,进而影响种子的萌发呢?研究测量了种子从1米高度自由落入0.3%琼脂培养基中的自植率,结果表明,芒的长度在很大程度上会影响种子入土角度。进一步将水稻种子以不同角度播种到土壤中,发现水平播种(0°角度入土)的种子比其他角度入土种子萌发需要更长时间。表明芒的物理结构不直接作用于种子萌发,而是通过影响种子进入土壤角度进而影响种子萌发。因此,OsEPFL2和GAD1除了调节ABA信号促进种子萌发外,还正向调控芒的发育,进而协助种子进入土壤,间接提高种子在自然环境中的萌发效率。基于这些结果,研究认为在水稻利用EPFL信号来同时调控种子的传播和萌发,这是一种高效的策略。这项研究表明,水稻小肽GAD1和OsEPFL2不仅能促进芒的发育,还能在种子萌发过程中降低种子ABA含量,提高α淀粉酶活性和释放可溶性糖。有意思的是,水稻芒还可以在种子传播过程中影响种子进入土壤角度,促进种子萌发,进而提高植物存活率。本研究阐明了EPF/EPFL家族小肽在水稻种子传播和萌发中的双重功能,加深了我们对芒在自然条件下促进植物生存繁衍的理解。

[学术文献 ] Nitrogen Use Traits of Different Rice for Three Planting Modes in a Rice-Wheat Rotation System 进入全文

Agriculture

At present, there is a limited understanding of nitrogen (N) accumulation, translocation, and utilization in different types of rice grown using different planting methods in a rice–wheat rotation system. Systematic experiments were conducted with six rice cultivars, including two japonica-indica hybrids (JIHR), two japonica conventional rice (JCR) cultivars, and two indica hybrid rice (IHR) cultivars, to study the effects on N use of plants in three transplanting modes: (1) the pothole seedling machine transplanting mode (PM), (2) the carpet seedling machine transplanting mode (CM), and (3) the mechanical direct seeding mode (DM). Results showed that at stem elongation stage, for N content and uptake, the planting methods were ranked in the order PM < CM < DM, and at heading and maturity the order was PM > CM > DM. After stem elongation the rankings for N accumulation, ratio of N accumulation to total N, and N uptake rate were PM > CM >DM. Thus, on the basis of a certain amount of N accumulation in the early growth phase, increasing the N uptake rate and N accumulation in the middle and late growth phases are ways to increase total N uptake for the PM and CM modes compared to DM. In addition, the PM/JIHR treatment had the highest N uptake at maturity. The N contents of leaves, stem-sheaths, and panicles at heading and maturity for the three planting modes were ranked PM > CM > DM. Moreover, the N translocation amount, apparent N translocation rate, and translocation conversion rate of leaves under PM were significantly higher than for CM and DM, which would increase N accumulation in the grain. The N uptake per 100 kg grain and the partial factor productivity of applied N under PM were larger than for CM and DM, but the N use efficiency of grain yield and biomass were smaller for PM than for CM and DM. In conclusion, rice grown using PM, especially JIHR, had higher total N uptake and N utilization compared to the CM and DM modes, and cultivation measures to improve the N use efficiency of grain yield and biomass could be appropriately applied to further improve N use in a rice–wheat rotation system.

[前沿资讯 ] 专家团队揭示水稻株型调控新机制 进入全文

华南农业大学

近日,华南农业大学国家植物航天育种工程技术研究中心陈志强教授团队在国际著名学术期刊New Phytologist(影响因子10.323)在线发表了题为“The DnaJ Domain-containing Heat Shock Protein NAL11 Determines Plant Architecture by Mediating GA homeostasis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)”的学术论文。解析了热激蛋白NAL11通过调控赤霉素(GA)稳态影响水稻株型建成的机制,并揭示了水稻株型调控中存在的微调与平衡机制。株型是水稻产量的关键因素。团队前期鉴定了调控水稻株型的热激蛋白基因NAL11(NARROW LEAF 11),在此基础上,本研究挖掘了其具备育种潜力的稀有等位型NAL11-923del-1552,其相对较高的表达水平,促进了“少蘖、大穗、壮杆”的理想株型建成。进一步的功能解析,明确了NAL11参与赤霉素的稳态调节,影响细胞周期和细胞增殖,从而介导水稻株型的调控。有趣的是,通过分子与遗传研究发现,重要的理想株型基因IPA1,作为转录因子可直接结合至NAL11-923del-1552所缺失的片段中并下调NAL11的表达。而NAL11-923del-1552因缺失了IPA1的3个结合元件,部分避开了IPA1对其的负调节作用,从而保障了水稻相对较高的赤霉素活性与生物量。该研究揭示了一种水稻株型调控的微调与平衡机制,且为缓解伴随IPA1的育种利用带来的赤霉素缺陷提供了一种积极策略。本研究揭示了水稻株型调控中存在的一种微调与平衡机制,即在含IPA1优势等位的材料中,负调控NAL11表达保障了一定的分蘖数和产量,而在不含IPA1优势等位的材料中,NAL11的增强表达促进了理想株型建成,两者协同调控水稻株型。此外,本研究还发掘了NAL11的稀有优异等位型,在籼稻和粳稻的现有品种中还少有渗入,在水稻育种中仍具备良好的应用前景。该研究的主要学术贡献:(1)揭示了热激蛋白调控水稻株型的作用机制,拓宽了对热激蛋白影响植物生长发育的认知。(2)发掘了优异等位型NAL11-923del-1552,丰富了水稻株型育种的遗传资源。(3)揭示了NAL11-923del-1552促进“少蘖、大穗、壮杆”理想株型建成与IPA1之间的调控关系,并从赤霉素途径阐述了二者的作用机制。(4)探讨了自然变异NAL11-923del-1552在水稻株型建成与育种利用中的生物学意义。

[前沿资讯 ] 专家团队培育出“三抗”优质水稻品种 进入全文

中国科学院

11月30日,农业农村部发布第625号公告,中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所申报的杂交稻新品种科贵优4302通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定。科贵优4302(国审稻20220226)由亚热带生态所为主,联合广东省农业科学院水稻研究所和中国种子集团有限公司合作选育。科贵优4302在长江中下游稻区晚稻区试中表现为中抗稻瘟病、中抗白叶枯病、中抗褐飞虱,同时,品质达到部标优质三级,产量比对照增产1.9%,是我国目前通过审定的第一个抗这三种病虫害的优质水稻品种。亚热带生态所水稻分子育种团队致力于水稻多抗性状的分子设计育种研究,采用常规育种与分子育种技术紧密结合的育种方法,发挥分子育种技术在改良抗性等质量性状中的作用,在一个品种中聚集至少三种具有重要生产应用价值的抗性,为水稻育种树立了新的技术标杆。同时,中国种子集团有限公司利用亚热带生态所培育的“三抗”恢复系R4312,选育出“双抗”、优质、高产杂交中稻新品种呈两优4312,并通过国审(国审稻20220111)。它在长江中下游稻区中稻区试中表现为中抗稻瘟病、中抗褐飞虱,同时,米质达到部标优质2级,产量比对照增产4.1%。该团队负责人肖国樱表示,要继续加强与全国各地研究院所和企业的交流合作,将培育的“三抗”亲本授权给相关单位配组,提高多抗、优质、高产杂交稻的育种技术水平。

[学术文献 ] Optimized Management Practices Synergistically Improved Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency by Enhancing Post-Heading Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism in Super Hybrid Rice 进入全文

Agronomy

The super hybrid rice breeding program in China has raised genetic yield ceilings through morphological improvements and inter-subspecific heterosis. Despite this, little information on the physiological basis underlying this yield transformation exists, and less so on the genotype x environment x management conditions enabling consistent yield gains. Here, we assess grain yield, photosynthetic physiology, and leaf carbon and nitrogen (N) metabolic properties of super rice (Y-liangyou900) under four management practices (i.e., zero-fertilizer control, CK; farmers’ practice, FP; high-yield and high-efficiency management, OPT1; and super-high-yield management, OPT2) using a field experiment conducted over five years. Grain yield and agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) of OPT2 were 15% and 10% higher than OPT1, and 30% and 78% higher than FP, respectively. The superior yields of OPT2 were attributed to higher source production capacity, that is, higher leaf photosynthetic rate, carbon metabolic enzyme activity (i.e., AGP and SPS), nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity (i.e., NR, GS, and GOGAT), soluble protein and sugar content, and delayed leaf senescence (the latter due to elevated activity of protective enzyme systems) during grain filling. The higher AEN of OPT2 was associated with higher activity of leaf carbon metabolic enzyme (i.e., AGP and SPS), nitrogen metabolic enzyme (i.e., NR, GS, GDH, and GOGAT) and protective enzyme (POD) after heading, and lower C/N ratio in grains. We conclude that optimized management (optimized water and fertilizer management with appropriate dense planting) improved grain yield and N use efficiency simultaneously by enhancing post-heading leaf carbon and N metabolism and delayed leaf senescence.

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