Analysis of the Process of Environmental Impact Assessment in Nicaragua : Addressing Key Environmental Challenges--Study 3

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作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22289

关键词：

AGRICULTURAL USES;  AIR POLLUTION;  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL;  AIR QUALITY;  AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS;  APPROVAL PROCESS;  AUDITS;  BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND;  BIODIVERSITY;  CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND;  CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES;  CIVIL SOCIETY;  CIVIL SOCIETY INVOLVEMENT;  CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS;  CIVIL SOCIETY PARTICIPATION;  CLEAN PRODUCTION;  CLIMATE CHANGE;  COMPLIANCE PROMOTION;  CONSERVATION OF NATURE;  CONSULTATIONS;  CONTROL REGULATIONS;  CONTROL STANDARD;  CONTROLLING AIR POLLUTION;  DECISION MAKERS;  DECISION MAKING;  DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES;  DEVELOPED COUNTRIES;  DIESEL;  DRINKING WATER;  DRINKING WATER QUALITY;  ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES;  ECONOMIC ANALYSIS;  ECONOMIC BENEFITS;  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;  ECONOMIC GROWTH;  ECONOMIC INCENTIVES;  ECONOMIC INSTRUMENTS;  EFFECTIVE APPROACH;  EFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT;  EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION;  EFFICIENT SYSTEM;  EMISSION;  EMISSION STANDARDS;  EMISSIONS;  ENERGY GENERATION;  ENFORCEMENT MECHANISMS;  ENVIRONMENTAL;  ENVIRONMENTAL AFFAIRS;  ENVIRONMENTAL AGENCIES;  ENVIRONMENTAL AREA;  ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT;  ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS;  ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT;  ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITS;  ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES;  ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES;  ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS;  ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE;  ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS;  ENVIRONMENTAL ENFORCEMENT;  ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE;  ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTS;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT EVALUATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS;  ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES;  ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE;  ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS;  ENVIRONMENTAL LICENSES;  ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT;  ENVIRONMENTAL NORMS;  ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVES;  ENVIRONMENTAL OUTCOMES;  ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE;  ENVIRONMENTAL PERMITS;  ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES;  ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY;  ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITIES;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY;  ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY;  ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS;  ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS;  ENVIRONMENTAL SECTOR;  ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS;  ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY;  ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES;  EXPENDITURES;  EXTERNALITIES;  FEDERAL AUTHORITIES;  FINAL DRAFT;  FINAL STEP;  FINANCIAL RESOURCES;  FISHERIES;  FISHING;  FOREIGN AFFAIRS;  FOREST RESOURCES;  FORESTRY;  FUEL EFFICIENCY;  GASOLINE;  GOVERNMENT AGENCIES;  HUMAN HEALTH;  HYDROCARBONS;  IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES;  IMPLEMENTING REGULATIONS;  INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES;  INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION;  INDUSTRIAL SOURCES;  INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER;  INNOVATIVE FORMS;  INSPECTION PROGRAM;  INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY;  INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK;  INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS;  LAND USE;  LEGAL ACTIONS;  LEGAL BASIS;  LEGAL FRAMEWORK;  LEGISLATION;  MINES;  MINISTER;  MITIGATION MEASURES;  MONITORING DATA;  MONITORING SYSTEM;  MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES;  NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY;  NATIONAL LEVEL;  NATURAL ENVIRONMENT;  NATURAL RESOURCE;  NATURAL RESOURCES;  OIL;  OXYGEN;  PARTICULATE MATTER;  PERFORMANCE GOALS;  PERMITTING PROCESS;  POLICY FRAMEWORK;  POLICY INSTRUMENTS;  POLICY OBJECTIVES;  POLICY PLANNING;  POLLUTANTS;  POLLUTERS;  POLLUTION;  POLLUTION CHARGES;  POLLUTION CONTROL;  POLLUTION LEVELS;  POLLUTION PROBLEMS;  PUBLIC ACCESS;  PUBLIC AUTHORITIES;  PUBLIC CONSULTATION;  PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS;  PUBLIC PARTICIPATION;  PUBLIC WORKS;  RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES;  RECREATIONAL PURPOSES;  REGULATOR;  REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT;  REGULATORY FRAMEWORK;  REGULATORY MECHANISMS;  REGULATORY PROVISIONS;  REGULATORY STANDARDS;  RESOURCE USE;  SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH;  SOLID WASTE;  STAKEHOLDER GROUPS;  SULFUR CONTENT;  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;  SUSTAINABLE USE;  TAX DIFFERENTIATION;  TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE;  TECHNICAL EXPERTS;  TECHNICAL STANDARDS;  TRADABLE PERMITS;  VOLUNTARY AGREEMENTS;  WASTE MANAGEMENT;  WATER POLLUTION;  WATER RESOURCES;  WATER SUPPLY;  ZONING PLAN;  ZONING PLANS;  Report; 

年份：

2010

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Globally, an estimated 24 percent of the disease burden (healthy life years lost) and an estimated 23 percent of all deaths (premature mortality) are attributable to environmental risks (World Health Organization, or WHO 2006). The burden of disease is unequally shared, with the children and the poor being particularly affected. Among children between the ages 0 and 14, the proportion of deaths attributable to environmental risks, such as poor water and sanitation, indoor air pollution and vector-borne diseases, is estimated to be as high as 36 percent (WHO 2006). Several key messages have emerged from the process of putting together this study: (i) environmental health risks impose a significant burden on Nicaraguas economy, amounting to 2.6 billion Nicaraguan Cordoba (NIO) or 2.4 percent of the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and result in premature deaths and infections, especially in children under five; (ii) cost-effective interventions to address these environmental health risks exist and should be prioritized in Nicaragua; (iii) country-specific health and environmental data are somewhat limited, especially in the case of air quality, and data collection and monitoring need to be further strengthened; and (iv) the capacity of Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) and Ministry of Health (MINSA) staff to conduct environmental health costing analysis needs to be strengthened through proper training.