Environmental Health in Nicaragua : Key Environmental Challenges--Study 1

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作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22288

关键词：

ADULT MORBIDITY;  ADULT MORTALITY;  AGE GROUP;  AIR POLLUTION;  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL;  AIR POLLUTION MEASURES;  AIR QUALITY;  AIR QUALITY MONITORING;  AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION;  AVERAGE DAILY CONSUMPTION;  BASIC SANITATION;  BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS;  BOREHOLES;  CANCER;  CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE;  CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES;  CHILD HEALTH;  CHILD MORTALITY;  CHILD MORTALITY RATE;  CHRONIC BRONCHITIS;  CLEAN FUEL;  CLEANER FUELS;  COAL;  COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS;  COST OF WATER;  DEATHS;  DEATHS OF CHILDREN;  DECISION MAKING;  DEVELOPING COUNTRIES;  DEVELOPMENT GOALS;  DIESEL;  DISABILITY;  DISASTERS;  DOSE RESPONSE;  DRINKING WATER;  DRUGS;  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;  ELDERLY;  EMISSIONS;  EMISSIONS REDUCTIONS;  ENERGY USE;  ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE;  ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH;  ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT;  ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS;  ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY;  ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS;  EXERCISES;  GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT;  HEALTH BURDEN;  HEALTH CARE;  HEALTH CARE SERVICES;  HEALTH CONDITIONS;  HEALTH DAMAGE;  HEALTH DAMAGES;  HEALTH EFFECTS;  HEALTH IMPACT;  HEALTH INTERVENTIONS;  HEALTH OUTCOMES;  HEALTH PROBLEMS;  HEALTH RISKS;  HEALTHY LIFE;  HIGH CHILD MORTALITY;  HOSPITAL;  HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS;  HOSPITALIZATION;  HUMAN CAPITAL;  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT;  HUMAN HEALTH;  HYGIENE;  ILL HEALTH;  ILLNESS;  ILLNESSES;  INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS;  INDOOR AIR;  INDOOR AIR POLLUTION;  INDOOR AIR QUALITY;  INFECTIONS IN WOMEN;  INTERVENTION;  INVESTMENT COSTS;  LIVE BIRTHS;  LOCAL CAPACITY;  MARGINAL COST;  MATERNAL HEALTH;  MEDICAL TREATMENT;  MEDICINES;  MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS;  MINISTRY OF HEALTH;  MONITORING PROGRAM;  MORBIDITY;  MORTALITY;  MORTALITY RATE FOR CHILDREN UNDER AGE;  MORTALITY RATES;  MUNICIPAL WATER;  MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY;  NATURAL DISASTERS;  NATURAL GAS;  NATURAL RESOURCES;  NUMBER OF NEW CASES;  NUMBER OF PEOPLE;  OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE;  OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION;  OUTDOOR AIR QUALITY;  OZONE;  PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION;  PARTICULATE MATTER;  PARTICULATE POLLUTION;  PERSONAL HYGIENE;  PIPED WATER;  PIT LATRINES;  POLICY MAKERS;  POLLUTANTS;  POLLUTION;  POLLUTION EXPOSURE;  POLLUTION IMPACTS;  POOR HEALTH;  POOR WATER QUALITY;  POPULATION GROWTH RATE;  POPULATION SUBGROUPS;  POTABLE WATER;  POTABLE WATER SUPPLY;  PREMATURE DEATH;  PREMATURE DEATHS;  PREMATURE MORTALITY;  PRIMARY CAREGIVERS;  PROGRESS;  PUBLIC AWARENESS;  PUBLIC SERVICE;  PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION;  PUBLIC WATER;  QUALITY OF SERVICE;  QUANTITY OF WATER;  RESPIRATORY DISEASES;  RESPIRATORY ILLNESS;  RESPIRATORY ILLNESSES;  RISK FACTORS;  RISK OF ILLNESS;  RURAL AREAS;  RURAL DRINKING WATER;  RURAL POPULATION;  RURAL POPULATIONS;  RURAL SANITATION;  SAFE DRINKING WATER;  SANITATION;  SANITATION COVERAGE;  SANITATION FACILITIES;  SANITATION SECTOR;  SANITATION SERVICES;  SEPTIC TANK;  SERVICE PROVISION;  SEWAGE;  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;  TRANSPORTATION;  URBAN AIR POLLUTION;  URBAN AREAS;  URBAN CENTERS;  URBAN POLLUTION;  URBAN POPULATION;  URBAN POPULATION GROWTH;  URBAN POPULATIONS;  VENTILATION;  VULNERABILITY;  WASHING;  WASTE;  WASTE DISPOSAL;  WATER CONSUMPTION;  WATER POLLUTION;  WATER SANITATION;  WATER SUPPLY;  WATER USE;  WELLS;  WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;  YOUNG CHILDREN;  Report;  Rapport;  Informe; 

年份：

2010

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Globally, an estimated 24 percent of the disease burden (healthy life years lost) and an estimated 23 percent of all deaths (premature mortality) are attributable to environmental risks (World Health Organization, or WHO 2006). The burden of disease is unequally shared, with the children and the poor being particularly affected. Among children between the ages 0 and 14, the proportion of deaths attributable to environmental risks, such as poor water and sanitation, indoor air pollution and vector-borne diseases, is estimated to be as high as 36 percent (WHO 2006). Several key messages have emerged from the process of putting together this study: (i) environmental health risks impose a significant burden on Nicaraguas economy, amounting to 2.6 billion Nicaraguan Cordoba (NIO) or 2.4 percent of the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and result in premature deaths and infections, especially in children under five; (ii) cost-effective interventions to address these environmental health risks exist and should be prioritized in Nicaragua; (iii) country-specific health and environmental data are somewhat limited, especially in the case of air quality, and data collection and monitoring need to be further strengthened; and (iv) the capacity of Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) and Ministry of Health (MINSA) staff to conduct environmental health costing analysis needs to be strengthened through proper training.