Environmental Health in Nicaragua : Study 1 Technical Annexes

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作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/22290

关键词：

ADEQUATE SANITATION;  ADULT MORTALITY;  AGE DISTRIBUTION;  AIR POLLUTION;  AIR POLLUTION CONTROL;  AIR QUALITY;  AVERAGE COSTS;  BASIC SANITATION;  BEHAVIOR CHANGE;  BENEFIT ANALYSIS;  BOREHOLES;  BULLETIN;  CANCER;  CENSUSES;  CHILD HEALTH;  CHILD MORTALITY;  CHILD MORTALITY RATES;  CHRONIC DISEASE;  CLEAN FUELS;  CLINICS;  COAL;  CONTINGENT VALUATION;  COST ANALYSIS;  COST OF WATER;  DEVELOPED COUNTRIES;  DEVELOPING COUNTRIES;  DISABILITY;  DISEASES;  ECONOMETRIC ESTIMATES;  ECONOMIC VALUE;  ECONOMIES OF SCALE;  ECONOMISTS;  ELASTICITIES;  ELDERLY;  ENERGY EFFICIENCY;  ENVIRONMENTAL;  ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE;  ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES;  ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION;  ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS;  ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH;  ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES;  ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY;  ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION;  ENVIRONMENTAL RISK;  EPIDEMIOLOGY;  FAMILIES;  FAMILY MEMBERS;  FEMALE LITERACY;  FERTILITY;  FERTILITY RATES;  FLUSH TOILET;  HEALTH CARE;  HEALTH CARE SERVICES;  HEALTH CONSEQUENCES;  HEALTH EFFECTS;  HEALTH FACILITIES;  HEALTH IMPACT;  HEALTH OUTCOMES;  HEALTH POLICY;  HEALTH RESEARCH;  HEALTH RISKS;  HEALTH SERVICES;  HOSPITAL;  HOSPITALIZATION;  HOUSEHOLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION;  HOUSEHOLD SIZE;  HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS;  HOUSEHOLD USE;  HOUSEHOLD WORK;  HUMAN CAPITAL;  HYGIENE;  ILLNESS;  ILLNESSES;  INDIVIDUAL HOUSEHOLDS;  INDOOR AIR POLLUTION;  INFANT;  INTERVENTION;  INVESTMENT COSTS;  JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY;  JOURNAL OF MEDICINE;  LABOR FORCE;  LABOR MARKET;  LABOR PRODUCTIVITY;  LONGER LIFE;  LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES;  MAINTENANCE COSTS;  MARGINAL BENEFITS;  MARGINAL COST;  MARGINAL COSTS;  MARITAL STATUS;  MEDICAL FACILITIES;  MEDICAL SERVICES;  MEDICAL TREATMENT;  METROPOLITAN AREAS;  MINISTRY OF HEALTH;  MONITORING PROGRAM;  MORBIDITY;  MORTALITY;  MORTALITY REDUCTION;  MORTALITY RISK;  NATIONAL LEVEL;  NATURAL GAS;  NUMBER OF PEOPLE;  OCCUPATIONAL RISK;  ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY;  OZONE;  PATIENTS;  PIPED WATER;  PIT LATRINES;  POLICY ANALYSIS;  POLICY RESEARCH;  POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER;  POLLUTION;  POLLUTION CONTROL;  POLLUTION LEVELS;  POPULATION DISTRIBUTION;  POPULATION GROUPS;  POPULATION SUBGROUP;  POTABLE WATER;  PREMATURE DEATH;  PRESENT VALUE;  PRICE OF WATER;  PRIVATE DOCTORS;  PUBLIC HEALTH;  PUBLIC SERVICES;  QUALITY IMPROVEMENT;  QUALITY STANDARDS;  REAL WAGES;  RESOURCE LIMITATIONS;  RESPECT;  RISK FACTORS;  RISK OF DEATH;  RISK OF ILLNESS;  RIVERS;  RURAL AREAS;  RURAL DRINKING WATER;  RURAL POPULATION;  RURAL SANITATION;  RURAL VILLAGES;  RURAL WATER;  RURAL WATER SUPPLY;  RURAL WOMEN;  SAFE DRINKING WATER;  SAFETY EQUIPMENT;  SANITATION;  SANITATION COVERAGE;  SANITATION FACILITIES;  SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE;  SERVICE DELIVERY;  SEWAGE TREATMENT;  SMOKING;  SPRING WATER;  SURFACE WATER;  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;  TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE;  TUBERCULOSIS;  UNEMPLOYMENT;  URBAN AIR POLLUTION;  URBAN AREAS;  URBAN ENVIRONMENTS;  URBAN POPULATION;  URBAN WATER;  URBAN WATER SUPPLY;  VACCINATION;  VENTILATION;  WAGE DIFFERENTIALS;  WAGE RATES;  WAGES;  WASHING;  WATER CONSUMPTION;  WATER QUALITY;  WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT;  WATER SANITATION;  WATER SOURCE;  WATER SUPPLY;  WATER TREATMENT;  WATER TREATMENT PLANT;  WELLS;  WILLINGNESS TO PAY;  WORKERS;  WORKFORCE;  WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;  YOUNG CHILDREN;  Report; 

年份：

2010

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Globally, an estimated 24 percent of the disease burden (healthy life years lost) and an estimated 23 percent of all deaths (premature mortality) are attributable to environmental risks (World Health Organization, or WHO 2006). The burden of disease is unequally shared, with the children and the poor being particularly affected. Among children between the ages 0 and 14, the proportion of deaths attributable to environmental risks, such as poor water and sanitation, indoor air pollution and vector-borne diseases, is estimated to be as high as 36 percent (WHO 2006). Several key messages have emerged from the process of putting together this study: (i) environmental health risks impose a significant burden on Nicaraguas economy, amounting to 2.6 billion Nicaraguan Cordoba (NIO) or 2.4 percent of the countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and result in premature deaths and infections, especially in children under five; (ii) cost-effective interventions to address these environmental health risks exist and should be prioritized in Nicaragua; (iii) country-specific health and environmental data are somewhat limited, especially in the case of air quality, and data collection and monitoring need to be further strengthened; and (iv) the capacity of Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources (MARENA) and Ministry of Health (MINSA) staff to conduct environmental health costing analysis needs to be strengthened through proper training.