PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of producing surface-treated aluminum oxide powder which can be charged high in silicone rubbers, silicone gel and silicone oils, surface-treated aluminum oxide powder obtained by the method and a heat-conductive material filled high with the powder and reduced in changes of properties at high temperatures.SOLUTION: A method of producing aluminum oxide powder surface-treated with an organosiloxane oligomer comprises reacting a water dispersion of aluminum oxide powder of a pH of 8-12 with an organosiloxane oligomer in high-temperature, high-pressure water.