One example method to determine an actual surgical pathway of a patient based on a planned surgical pathway may include retrieve a first two-dimensional image of the patient associated with information collected at a first point in time. A first coordinate system describes a spatial relationship between the patient and an apparatus in an operating room. The method further includes modifying a three-dimensional model of the patient including the planned surgical pathway with a first set of modification parameter values. A second coordinate system describes the three-dimensional model constructed by information collected at a second point in time earlier than the first point in time. The method further includes retrieving a second two-dimensional image from the modified three-dimensional model, computing a first correlation between the first two-dimensional image and the second two-dimensional image； and transforming the planned surgical pathway to the first coordinate system based on the first set of modification parameter values to identify the actual surgical pathway.
