Disclosed herein is a particle comprising a first effector element covalently bonded to a nanoparticle via a first orthogonal moiety and a second effector element covalently bonded to the nanoparticle via a second orthogonal moiety, wherein the first orthogonal moiety and the second orthogonal moiety have different chemical structures. The first effector element and the second effector element may be, for example, a targeting agent, a therapeutic agent, and a diagnostic agent. In certain embodiments, the nanoparticle is a liposome. Methods for preparing functionalized nanoparticles, including functionalized liposomes, are also described.
