Apparatus and methods are provided to position an energy delivery element at a desired position within a bladder and to deliver energy to non-superficial target tissue within or proximate to a bladder wall to modulate bladder function while retaining a mucosal surface of the bladder wall superficial to the non-superficial target tissue substantially intact. The apparatus can include an elongated shaft having a distal region configured to position the energy delivery element at the desired position within the bladder.
