Disclosed herein is a rodent and human behavioral test for evaluating visual dysfunctions associated with the retinal changes in Alzheimer disease progression. In one example, the inventors developed a maze that tests rodents ability to identify (1) specific contrasts, (2) specific colors, (3) certain items in the visual field, and (4) other ‘non-typical’ peripheral and night vision functions associated with AD. For instance, the inventors developed a maze the tests the rodents ability to avoid certain colors or contrasts gradients. The maze may include certain rooms with specific visual markers (e.g., colors, contrasts, objects or other visual features) that also contain shock plates.
