A vision testing system comprises a image wavefront modulator, eye tracking system, focusing system using a spherical concave mirror, and a patient station. In various embodiments, the image wavefront modulator and the patients eyes are positioned off axis with respect to the optical axis of the focusing mirror. Thus, optical elements in the wavefront modulator may automatically adjust to correct for aberrations introduced by the focusing system. Moreover, the optical elements may also be used to automatically correct for magnification errors introduced by movement of the patient within the patient testing station. Furthermore, the eye tracking system may be used to determine the errors introduced by movement of the patient eyes. Finally, the wavefront modulator may be used to produce an image on the patients retina that accurately emulates an image that result if the patient was looking through a spectacle lens of a particular design during various gaze angles.
