Devices, systems, and methods for the selective positioning of an intravascular ultrasound neuromodulation device are disclosed herein. One aspect of the present technology is directed to positioning systems for focused ultrasound devices. Some embodiments, for example, are directed to dual-balloon positioning systems. Such systems can include, for example, an elongated shaft and a therapeutic assembly and a balloon assembly carried by a distal portion of the elongated shaft. The therapeutic assembly is configured for delivery within a blood vessel. The balloon assembly can include a first balloon and a second balloon circumferentially offset from the first balloon about the elongated shaft. The first and second balloons can be selectively inflated to position an ultrasound transducer of the therapeutic assembly at a precise location within the blood vessel.
