Described is a method of forming a mineralized material by co-culturing epithelial cell, such as ameloblast, and mesenchymal cell, such as osteoblast or odontoblast, in a mineral-stimulating medium. Also described is a matrix seeded with epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells and infused with a mineral-stimulating medium capable of forming a mineralized material in the matrix. Methods of manufacturing such compositions and methods of treating mineralization-related conditions are also described.