Provided herein are integrated circuits for use in performing analyte measurements and methods of fabricating the same. Such arrays may be employed to detect a presence and/or concentration changes of various analyte types in chemical and/or biological processes, including DNA hybridization and/or sequencing reactions. The methods for fabricating the integrated circuits include steps of depositing an insulating layer on a semiconducting substrate, and forming trenches in the insulating dielectric layer. Conductive material may be deposited in the trenches to form electrodes, and the insulating layer may be conditioned so that the electrodes protrude above the insulating layer. A 2D material, such as graphene, may be deposited on the electrodes to form a channel between the electrodes.
