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[学术文献 ] Gene × gene and genotype × environment interactions in wheat 进入全文
S & T Information Egineering Research Center of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences
Accelerating the rate of genetic gain of major crops is required to meet the projected global demand for food. Genomic selection (GS) has made valuable contributions to the genetic progress of different species and is currently a routine procedure in most wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs (WBP). Accounting for gene × gene (G × G) and genotype × environment interactions (G × E) in GS can significantly enhance genetic improvement by increasing the rate of genetic gain and adaptation of wheat cultivars. However, a comprehensive and updated knowledge of G × G and G × E methodologies is required to define the appropriate breeding strategy. In this review, we start by briefly describing the current situation and relevance of wheat breeding, then we focus on the central concepts of G × G and G × E and discuss the implications, challenges, and opportunities for the implementation of interactions in GS and wheat breeding. This review is primarily intended to be a reference material for wheat breeders and researchers. Nevertheless, most of the concepts exposed are transferable to any other autogamous or clonal crops, and are therefore useful in a much broader scope. We expect to encourage and facilitate the implementation of GS models accounting for interactions in plant breeding.
[学术文献 ] Genetic Improvement and Application Practices of Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat 进入全文
MDPI
Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) is a useful genetic resource that can be used to improve the performance of common wheat by transferring favorable genes from a wide range of tetraploid or diploid donors. From the perspectives of physiology, cultivation, and molecular genetics, the use of SHW has the potential to increase wheat yield. Moreover, genomic variation and recombination were enhanced in newly formed SHW, which could generate more genovariation or new gene combinations compared to ancestral genomes. Accordingly, we presented a breeding strategy for the application of SHW—the ‘large population with limited backcrossing method’—and we pyramided stripe rust resistance and big-spike-related QTLs/genes from SHW into new high-yield cultivars, which represents an important genetic basis of big-spike wheat in southwestern China. For further breeding applications of SHW-derived cultivars, we used the ‘recombinant inbred line-based breeding method’ that combines both phenotypic and genotypic evaluations to pyramid multi-spike and pre-harvest sprouting resistance QTLs/genes from other germplasms to SHW-derived cultivars; consequently, we created record-breaking high-yield wheat in southwestern China. To meet upcoming environmental challenges and continuous global demand for wheat production, SHW with broad genetic resources from wild donor species will play a major role in wheat breeding.
[学术文献 ] Characterization of a QTL on 7B for tiller number at the seedling stage in wheat landrace Yanda 1817 进入全文
Springer
Effective tillers contribute to yield through adjusting plant population and affect 1000-kernel weight and kernel number per spike, which are favorable for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement. Wheat landraces show strong tillering ability and thus considerable potential for utilization in breeding. In this study, tiller number under nutrient solution condition was evaluated for 269 wheat recombinant inbred lines and their parents: the modern cultivar Beinong 6 and the landrace Yanda 1817, which exhibit strong tillering ability. A QTL, qTN-7B.1, significant in three independent experiments, was mapped between genetic marker Xgwm333 and 7ABD_wsnp_be518436B_Ta_2_1. The positive allele of qTN-7B.1 was from Yanda 1817, explained 10.21%-18.89% phenotypic variations. Pathway enrichment among tiller-bud transcriptome data for the two parents suggested that tillering ability was mainly associated with lignin biosynthesis and energy metabolism. Comparative genomic indicated that rice homologous gene TaMoc1-7B was located within qTN-7B.1 but was excluded for candidate since no high-impact sequence variations between parents and no transcript abundance during tiller bud development. Compared with published QTL for tiller suggested that qTN-7B.1 was most likely the novel. Further analysis the differentially gene expression analysis and variant through transcriptome data identified 33 nonsynonymous SNVs on 20 DEGs. In particular, TraesCS7B02G282100 encoded cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase crucially in lignin biosynthesis that the expression level of Beinong 6 exhibited 3.179-fold up-regulated and a synonymous SNP at conserved domain between parents, Therefore, TraesCS7B02G282100 was considered as candidate gene. Based on this SNP, a KASP marker was developed that anchored within qTN-7B.1 genetic region. This study laid the foundation for map-based cloning of qTN-7B.1 and provided genetic marker for plant architecture improvement through molecular breeding.
[学术文献 ] Plant Breeding to Mitigate Climate Change—Present Status and Opportunities with an Assessment of Winter Wheat Cultivation in Northern Europe as an Example 进入全文
MDPI
Crop yield has been a major target of plant breeding, although resistance and quality have also been important. The current climate change is calling for breeding actions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The present review focuses on opportunities from plant breeding to mitigate climate change while simultaneously securing yield and food requirements, as exemplified by winter wheat cultivation in Northern Europe. Therefore, we review the history of traditional plant breeding, the impact of climate change on crops and implications for plant breeding, opportunities to use plant breeding as a tool to mitigate climate change, and then we assess the estimated mitigation effects from plant breeding and discuss their impact on climate effects. Nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) was indicated as the character with the highest potential to contribute to climate change mitigation, with positive effects also from increased straw length and stubble heights, while increased total biomass yield (root or above-ground) showed less effect. In addition to contributing to climate change mitigation, NUpE might increase profitability for growers and decrease nitrogen leakage from agricultural fields. An increase in NUpE by 15% through plant breeding has the potential to result in reduced GHG emissions corresponding to 30% of the fossil fuel use in agriculture in Sweden.
[学术文献 ] Variability and interrelation of the main breeding traits of the winter soft wheat quality 进入全文
E3S
Wheat bread rightfully belongs to the greatest inventions of mankind. The concept of wheat quality is very capacious and includes a wide range of characteristics: physical, chemical, rheological and consumer, which are in complex relationships with each other. The main purpose of soft wheat is the manufacture of bakery products. In this regard, the actual task of science is the creation and introduction into production of new varieties with high baking properties. The purpose of the research is to study the variability and relationships of quality traits; identification of the best varieties for use in the breeding process. It was found that the most strongly varying features were the specific work of deformation of the dough (11.7%) and the coefficient of the ratio of dough elasticity to extensibility (23.5%). The results of a correlation analysis on the conjugation of the characteristics of the quality of grain, flour and baking properties are presented. The quality of bread significantly depended on the volumetric yield of bread (r=0.9118) and the specific work of dough deformation (r=0.5119). A significant positive, strong relationship was found between the content of protein and gluten in the grain (r=0.8471). New varieties and lines of winter soft wheat of intensive type, distinguished by a complex of studied traits: the new variety Privolye, lines 1518/18 and 1401/19, are recommended to be used in the breeding process aimed at improving the quality of winter soft wheat grain.
[学术文献 ] Genetic Variation and Heritability of Sensory and Artisan Bread Traits in a Set of SRW Wheat Breeding Lines 进入全文
MDPI
Focus on local food production and supply chains has heightened in recent years, as evidenced and amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to assess the suitability of soft red winter (SRW) wheat breeding lines for local artisan bakers interested in locally sourced, strong gluten wheat for bread. Seventy-six genotyped SRW wheat breeding lines were milled into whole wheat flour and baked into small loaves. Bread aroma, flavor, and texture were evaluated by a sensory panel, and bread quality traits, including sedimentation volume, dough extensibility, and loaf volume, were measured to estimate heritability. SE-HPLC was performed on white flour, and breeding lines were characterized for different protein fraction ratios. Heritability of loaf volume was moderately high (h2 = 0.68), while heritability of sedimentation volume, a much easier trait to measure, was slightly lower (h2 = 0.55). Certain protein fraction ratios strongly related to loaf volume had high heritability (h2 = 0.7). Even though only a moderate heritability estimate of dough extensibility was found in our study, high positive correlations were found between this parameter and sedimentation volume (r = 0.6) and loaf volume (r = 0.53). This low-input and highly repeatable parameter could be useful to estimate dough functionality characteristics. Flavor and texture heritability estimates ranged from 0.16 to 0.37, and the heritability estimate of aroma was not significantly different from zero. However, the sensorial characteristics were significantly correlated with each other, suggesting that we might be able to select indirectly for aroma by selecting for flavor or texture characteristics. From a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified six SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) associated with loaf volume that could be useful in breeding for this trait. Producing high-quality strong gluten flour in our high rainfall environment is a challenge, but it provides local growers and end users with a value-added opportunity.
