Drilling Down on Geothermal Potential : An Assessment for Central America

• 查看报告

作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/26812

关键词：

ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY;  AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION;  AIR;  AIR QUALITY;  ALTERNATIVE METHODS;  APPROACH;  AVAILABILITY;  BALANCE;  BALANCE OF PAYMENTS;  BIOMASS;  BIOMASS POWER;  BIOMASS POWER PLANTS;  BIOMASS PRODUCTION;  BIRDS;  BOILING POINT;  CAPACITY FACTOR;  CAPACITY FACTOR INCREASES;  CAPACITY FACTORS;  CHEMISTRY;  CLIMATE;  CLIMATE CHANGE;  CO2;  COAL;  COAL COMBUSTION;  COAL GAS;  COAL PLANT;  COAL PRICES;  COLD WATER;  COLLOIDS;  COLORS;  COMBUSTION;  COMBUSTION TURBINE;  COMBUSTION TURBINES;  COMMERCIAL BANKS;  COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE;  CONVECTION;  CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES;  COST OF ENERGY;  CRUDE OIL;  DECISION MAKING;  DIESEL;  DOMESTIC ENERGY;  DOMESTIC ENERGY RESOURCES;  DOMESTIC HEATING;  DRILLING;  DRILLING ACTIVITIES;  DRY STEAM;  ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT;  ECONOMIC GROWTH;  ECONOMICS;  ECONOMIES OF SCALE;  ECONOMISTS;  ELECTRIC POWER;  ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION;  ELECTRICITY;  ELECTRICITY DEMAND;  ELECTRICITY GENERATION;  ELECTRICITY GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES;  ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION;  ELECTRICITY SUPPLY;  ELECTRIFICATION;  EMISSION;  EMISSIONS;  ENERGY DEVELOPMENT;  ENERGY ENDOWMENT;  ENERGY FUND;  ENERGY GENERATION;  ENERGY MARKET;  ENERGY POLICIES;  ENERGY PRODUCTION;  ENERGY SECTOR;  ENERGY SECURITY;  ENERGY SERVICES;  ENERGY SOURCES;  ENERGY SYSTEM;  ENVIRONMENTAL;  ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS;  ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT;  ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS;  FISH;  FIXED COSTS;  FOSSIL;  FOSSIL FUEL;  FOSSIL FUEL PLANTS;  FOSSIL FUELS;  FUEL;  FUEL CONSUMPTION;  FUEL COST;  FUEL COSTS;  FUEL OILS;  FUEL REQUIREMENTS;  GAS;  GAS INDUSTRY;  GAS PRICES;  GAS TURBINES;  GASES;  GENERATION;  GENERATION CAPACITY;  GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS;  GEOTHERMAL;  GEOTHERMAL CAPACITY;  GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT;  GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY;  GEOTHERMAL ENERGY;  GEOTHERMAL EXPLORATION;  GEOTHERMAL FIELD;  GEOTHERMAL FLUID;  GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS;  GEOTHERMAL GENERATION;  GEOTHERMAL HEAT;  GEOTHERMAL PLANT;  GEOTHERMAL PLANTS;  GEOTHERMAL POWER;  GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT;  GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS;  GEOTHERMAL PROJECT;  GEOTHERMAL PROJECTS;  GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR;  GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIRS;  GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE;  GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES;  GEOTHERMAL SITE;  GEOTHERMAL SITES;  GEOTHERMAL SOURCES;  GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS;  GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGIES;  GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY;  GEOTHERMAL WELLS;  GREEN FIELD;  GREENHOUSE;  GREENHOUSE GAS;  GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS;  GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT;  HEAT;  HEAVY FUEL OIL;  HOT DRY ROCK;  HOT WATER;  HYDRO PLANT;  HYDROELECTRIC POWER;  HYDROPOWER;  INDEPENDENT POWER PRODUCER;  INJECTION PROCESS;  INJECTION WELLS;  IPCC;  LNG;  METHANE;  METHANE EMISSIONS;  NATURAL GAS;  NATURAL RESOURCES;  OIL;  OIL COST;  OIL PRICE;  OIL PRICES;  OIL PRODUCTS;  PEAK DEMAND;  PEAK LOADS;  POLICY ENVIRONMENT;  POLICY MAKERS;  POWER;  POWER CAPACITY;  POWER COMPANY;  POWER DEMAND;  POWER GENERATION;  POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES;  POWER PRODUCER;  POWER PRODUCTION;  POWER SECTOR;  POWER SECTOR PLANNING;  POWER SECTOR REFORM;  POWER SOURCES;  POWER SUPPLY;  POWER SYSTEM;  POWER SYSTEMS;  PRICE OF ELECTRICITY;  PROCESS HEAT;  PRODUCERS;  PRODUCTION COSTS;  PUBLIC UTILITIES;  RENEWABLE DEVELOPMENT;  RENEWABLE ENERGIES;  RENEWABLE ENERGY;  RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT;  RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT;  RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECT DEVELOPERS;  RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES;  RENEWABLE ENERGY TARIFFS;  RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES;  RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARDS;  RENEWABLE POWER;  RENEWABLE RESOURCES;  RENEWABLE TECHNOLOGIES;  RURAL AREAS;  SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH;  SEISMIC DATA;  SMALL HYDRO;  SMALL POWER;  SOLUBILITY;  STEAM FIELD;  STEAM PRODUCTION;  STEAM TURBINE;  STEAM TURBINES;  SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;  SUSTAINABLE ENERGY;  SUSTAINABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT;  SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SECTOR;  TAX CREDITS;  TEMPERATURE;  THERMAL GENERATIONS;  TRANSMISSION GRID;  TRANSMISSION LINE;  TRANSMISSION SYSTEM;  TURBINE;  TURBINE GENERATOR;  TURBINE RUNNING;  TURBINES;  UNEP;  WATER QUALITY;  WIND;  WIND ENERGY;  WIND FARMS;  Report; 

年份：

2012

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

Economic growth in Central America has increased rapidly over the past 20 years. Currently, the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for the six Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama averages approximately US$3,600. However, economic disparity in the Latin American region is the highest in the world. Despite impressive growth, 20 million people or half of the population in Central America are classified as poor. This assessment of the geothermal potential module is the fourth in the series; it provides an analysis of the energy context in the region focusing on the technology and past experiences of geothermal resources. The study aims to identify the challenges associated with development of geothermal generation, including physical, financial, regulatory and institutional barriers, and it outlines some possible strategies to overcome them at the regional and country-specific level with a view to establish a basis for policy dialogue and to provide decision-makers a reference document with a regional outlook. Energy, particularly electricity, is critical for economic development. It is needed to power machinery that supports income-generating opportunities. Countries that have affordable and reliable energy can more easily attract both foreign and domestic capital. Central America's vulnerability to external shocks in the energy sector has increased over the last years. The region depends on foreign supply of fossil fuels (oil, coal). Since the share of thermal generation in power supply has increased significantly in the last decade, exceeding installed capacity for hydropower, the rise and volatility of oil prices has a dramatic effect today on the region's economy. Together with integration, it has become increasingly clear that the region must develop its local energy endowment, which has generated a strong interest in renewable energy sources and technologies, such as hydropower, geothermal, and wind. Given its potential in the region, geothermal energy has attracted the attention of policymakers and private investors as a resource to further develop and supplement hydroelectric generation (and to reduce dependency on thermal generation).