Montenegro Gender Diagnostic : Gaps in Endowments, Access to Economic Opportunities, and Agency

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作者：

World Bank

来源地址：

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21827

关键词：

ACCESS TO EDUCATION;  ACCESS TO FAMILY PLANNING;  ACCESS TO HEALTH;  ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE;  ADDICTION;  ADOLESCENT FERTILITY;  ADOLESCENTS;  ADULT MORTALITY;  AID;  ALCOHOL ABUSE;  ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION;  BARRIERS TO WOMEN;  BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE;  BOTH SEXES;  CHILDBIRTH;  CONDOM;  CONDOMS;  CONTRACEPTION;  CONTRACEPTIVE USE;  DIETS;  DISABILITIES;  DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN;  DISEASES;  DOMESTIC VIOLENCE;  EARLY DETECTION;  EARLY MARRIAGE;  EARLY MARRIAGES;  ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT;  ECONOMIC IMPROVEMENT;  ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES;  EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT;  EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT;  ELDERLY;  ELIMINATION OF DISCRIMINATION;  EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES;  EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES;  EQUALITY OF WOMEN;  ETHNIC GROUPS;  FAMILY FORMATION;  FAMILY MEMBERS;  FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS;  FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES;  FEMALE;  FEMALE EDUCATION;  FEMALE EMPLOYMENT;  FEMALE LABOR;  FEMALE LABOR FORCE;  FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION;  FEMALE LIFE EXPECTANCY;  FEMALE LITERACY;  FEMALE MORTALITY;  FEMALE POPULATION;  FEMALE WORKERS;  FEMALES;  FERTILITY RATE;  FERTILITY RATES;  FORCED MARRIAGE;  FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION;  FUTURE GENERATIONS;  GENDER;  GENDER ASSESSMENT;  GENDER DIFFERENCE;  GENDER DIFFERENCES;  GENDER DISPARITIES;  GENDER DISPARITY;  GENDER EQUALITY;  GENDER GAP;  GENDER GAPS;  GENDER GAPS IN ACCESS;  GENDER INEQUALITIES;  GENDER INEQUALITY;  GENDER ISSUES;  GENDER SEGREGATION;  GENDER STEREOTYPES;  GENDER-BASED DISCRIMINATION;  GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE;  GENDERS;  GIRLS;  GOVERNMENT SUPPORT;  HEALTH CARE;  HEALTH SECTOR;  HIV;  HOSPITAL;  HOUSEHOLD ASSETS;  HOUSEHOLD TASKS;  HUMAN BEINGS;  HUMAN CAPITAL;  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT;  HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;  HUMAN RIGHTS;  HUMAN TRAFFICKING;  ILLEGAL EMPLOYMENT;  IMMIGRANTS;  INFANT;  INFANT MORTALITY;  INFANT MORTALITY RATE;  INFANT MORTALITY RATES;  INHERITANCE;  INTERCOURSE;  INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS;  LABOR FORCE;  LABOR MARKET;  LAND OWNERSHIP;  LEGISLATORS;  LEVEL OF EDUCATION;  LIFE EXPECTANCY;  LITERACY RATES;  LIVE BIRTHS;  MALE MORTALITY;  MALE PARTICIPATION;  MARITAL RAPE;  MARITAL STATUS;  MATERNAL MORTALITY;  MATERNITY LEAVE;  MIGRATION;  MINORITY;  MOTHERHOOD;  NATIONAL LEGISLATION;  NATIONAL STRATEGIES;  NATIONAL STRATEGY;  NEED FOR RESEARCH;  NUMBER OF ADULTS;  NUMBER OF WOMEN;  OLDER AGE GROUPS;  OLDER WOMEN;  PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN;  PATERNITY LEAVE;  POLITICAL LEADERSHIP;  POLITICAL PARTICIPATION;  POOR HEALTH;  POOR WOMEN;  POPULATION GROUPS;  POPULATION SUBGROUPS;  PREGNANCY;  PREGNANT WOMAN;  PREGNANT WOMEN;  PRENATAL CARE;  PRIMARY EDUCATION;  PRIMARY SCHOOL;  PRIMARY SCHOOLING;  PRODUCTIVITY;  PROGRESS;  PROHIBITION OF DISCRIMINATION;  PROSTITUTES;  PROSTITUTION;  PROTECTION OF WOMEN;  PUBLIC LIFE;  PUBLIC OPINION;  PUBLIC SERVICE;  PURCHASING POWER;  PURCHASING POWER PARITY;  REFUGEES;  REHABILITATION;  REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH;  REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH CARE;  RESPECT;  RISKY BEHAVIOR;  RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;  ROLE OF WOMEN;  RURAL AREAS;  RURAL WOMEN;  SANITATION;  SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN;  SECONDARY EDUCATION;  SELF-ASSESSMENT;  SEX;  SEX TRAFFICKING;  SEX WORKERS;  SEXUAL ACTIVITY;  SEXUAL RELATIONS;  SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS;  SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES;  SHELTER;  SHELTERS;  SINGLE MOTHERS;  SITUATION OF WOMEN;  SMOKING;  SOCIAL ASSISTANCE;  SOCIAL NORMS;  SOCIAL SCIENCES;  SOCIAL WELFARE;  SOCIAL WORK;  SPECIALIST;  SPOUSES;  STRATEGY FOR WOMEN;  SUBSTANCE ABUSE;  SUICIDE;  TERTIARY EDUCATION;  TERTIARY LEVEL;  TRADE UNIONS;  TRANSPORTATION;  TV;  UNDP;  UNEMPLOYMENT;  UNEMPLOYMENT LEVELS;  UNEMPLOYMENT RATES;  UNFPA;  UNICEF;  UNITED NATIONS;  UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME;  UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND;  UNITED STATES AGENCY FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT;  URBAN AREAS;  URBAN WOMEN;  USAID;  VICTIMS;  VICTIMS OF VIOLENCE;  VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN;  VOCATIONAL EDUCATION;  VULNERABLE GROUPS;  WAGE DIFFERENCES;  WAGE GAP;  WDR;  WOMAN;  WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS;  WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE;  WOMEN WITH DISABILITIES;  WORK EXPERIENCE;  WORKFORCE;  WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;  YOUTH;  YOUTHS;  Report; 

年份：

2013

出版地：

Washington,USA

语种：

English

摘要：

In 2011, women and girls represented 50.6 percent of the total Montenegrin population (620,029 persons). Different aspects of gender inequality vary by region and ethnicity. The present World Bank country partnership strategy in Montenegro is based on two pillars that include supporting Montenegro s accession to the European Union (EU) through boosting institutions and competitiveness. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of gender inequality in Montenegro. Using a number of data sources, gender differences in various outcomes are analyzed with the intention of highlighting gender inequalities in human wellbeing. Results are used to prioritize possible avenues for future research to better understand such inequalities and or suggest areas that require more focus from policymakers. This report operates under the premise that gender equality is both an issue of human rights and of critical economic consequence. In line with the world development report (WDR) 2012, the nomenclature of gender gaps in endowments, access to economic opportunities, and agency will be used to elaborate upon these arguments and their relevance to Montenegro. The findings of this diagnostic suggest that there are gender gaps in Montenegro, particularly in: (i) agency, although available data in this area is limited; (ii) access to economic opportunities; and (iii) human capital among some population subgroups. The structure of the report is as follows: section one gives introduction. Section two addresses gender disparities in endowments, including education, health, and assets. Section three presents disparities in economic opportunities in the forms of labor force participation, unemployment, employment and wages, and entrepreneurship. Section four focuses on agency and its implications for gender equality. Section five discusses relationships across issues and suggests areas for further research.