One example method to determine a position of a probe in a surgical site with a plurality of reference structures may include receiving a three-dimensional image of the surgical site generated before the probe enters the surgical site and receiving a first two-dimensional image generated by the probe from a position within the surgical site. The three-dimensional image is associated with a first coordinate system, and the first two-dimensional image is associated with a second coordinate system. The method also includes acquiring registration to the plurality of reference structures based on the first two-dimensional image to obtain a permissible set of probe pose parameters, extracting a second two-dimensional image based on the permissible set of probe pose parameters from the three-dimensional image, and computing a correlation between the first two-dimensional image and the extracted second two-dimensional image to map the position of the probe represented by the second coordinate system to a position represented by the first coordinate system with respect to the three-dimensional image.
