The present invention relates to the medical field, in particular to the modulation of electrical polarization of neurons. More specifically the present invention relates to a nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate for use for modulating electrical polarization of neurons in a subject, for example for use in prevention or treatment of a neuronal disease in a subject, typically by modulating electrical polarization of neurons in the subject, wherein i) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate is exposed to a light source, the nanoparticle's or nanoparticles' aggregate's material is selected from a material enabling opto-electric transduction, opto-thermal transduction or opto-optical transduction, ii) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate is exposed to a magnetic field, the nanoparticle's or nanoparticles' aggregate's material is selected from a material enabling magneto-electric transduction or magneto-thermal transduction, iii) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate's surface is exposed to an ultrasound source, the nanoparticle's or nanoparticles' aggregate's material is a material enabling acousto-electric transduction, and wherein the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate is either neutrally charged in the absence of any coating or is coated with a hydrophilic agent conferring a neutral surface charge to the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate. It further relates to compositions and kits comprising such nanoparticles and/or nanoparticles' aggregates as well as to uses thereof.La présente invention concerne le domaine médical, en particulier la modulation de la polarisation électrique des neurones. Plus spécifiquement, la présente invention concerne une nanoparticule, ou un agrégat de nanoparticules, destinés à être utilisés pour moduler la polarisation électrique de neurones chez le patient, par exemple pour une utilisation dans la prévention ou le traitement d'une maladie neuronale chez le patient, typiquement par modula
