The present invention relates to the medical field, in particular to the modulation of electrical polarization of neurons. More specifically the present invention relates to a nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate for use for modulating electrical polarization of neurons in a subject, for example for use in prevention or treatment of a neuronal disease in a subject, typically by modulating electrical polarization of neurons in the subject, wherein i) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate is exposed to a light source, the nanoparticle's or nanoparticles' aggregate's material is selected from a material enabling opto-electric transduction, opto-thermal transduction or opto-optical transduction, ii) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate is exposed to a magnetic field, the nanoparticle's or nanoparticles' aggregate's material is selected from a material enabling magneto-electric transduction or magneto-thermal transduction, iii) when the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate's surface is exposed to an ultrasound source, the nanoparticle's or nanoparticles' aggregate's material is a material enabling acousto-electric transduction, and wherein the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate is either neutrally charged in the absence of any coating or is coated with a hydrophilic agent conferring a neutral surface charge to the nanoparticle or nanoparticles' aggregate. It further relates to compositions and kits comprising such nanoparticles and/or nanoparticles' aggregates as well as to uses thereof.
