Provided herein are, inter alia, methods of treating a cancer tumor in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, wherein the subject comprises an elevated level of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes relative to a control, the subject comprises an elevated level of T-effector gene signature relative to a control, the subject comprises an increased cancer tumor T cell receptor diversity or blood T cell receptor diversity relative to a control, the cancer tumor comprises an elevated level of PD-L1 relative to a control, and/or the cancer tumor or the blood of the subject comprises an elevated level of CD73 relative to a control. Further provided are, inter alia, methods for determining whether a subject is likely to, is, or has responded to anti-cancer therapy comprising an A2A receptor antagonist.
