An electrode includes an adhesive backing layer configured to adhere to skin of a subject, a conductive material layer coupled to the adhesive backing layer, a dielectric film border formed on the conductive material layer and separating a first area on the front surface of the conductive material layer from a second area on the front surface of the conductive material layer, an electrical lead coupled to a portion of the first area, and a conductive hydrogel coupled to the second area and configured to make electrical contact with the skin of the subject.
