Disclosed herein are methods and apparatus for treating bladder cancer. Example apparatus include a laser or other source that generates visible or near-infrared radiation and a cytoscope to deliver and apply the radiation to a treatment site, such as the urothelial surface of the bladder. The radiation alters the permeability of at least one layer of the bladder wall, allowing more efficacious administration of chemotherapeutic or anticancer agent to the bladder lumen during or after application of the radiation. Permeability of the bladder wall may be altered by damaging suburothelial blood vessels, such as those of the lamina propria of the bladder wall, or by damaging the urothelium and suburothelial blood vessels of the bladder in a patient with bladder cancer. Damage to the urothelium induced by the radiation may be of a continuous or discontinuous nature. Treatment may also cause regression or destruction of (pre)malignant tissue in the urothelium and suburothelium.
