#$%^&*AU2015264859A120160623.pdf#####- 23 Abstract VISION TESTING FOR ASTIGMATISM 5 Disclosed are computer implemented methods for testing astigmatism which display differently coloured bars against a contrasting background. In one implementation, parallel coloured bars (207, 208) are separated and joined through various angles of rotation against a constant background (200). In another implementation one set of bars is formed by variable grating pattern (315) which is rotated within an annulus of solid colour 10 bars (314), desirably against a contrasting intermediate background (325) and a reference background (330) having a linear grating pattern.3/7 207 208 200 209 <; 20 >;210 212 300 it1 Fig. 230 Fig. 3