The hair cosmetic composition of the present invention, which is a one-agent type or a multi-agent type hair cosmetic composition, contains, the following components (A) to (D): (A): a compound selected from the group consisting of glyoxylic acid, a glyoxylic acid hydrate, a glyoxylate salt, and a glyoxylamide； (B): a phenolic compound having an electron-donating group on at least one m-position and having a hydrogen atom on at least one of the o-positions and the p-position, wherein the electron-donating group on the m-position may form, together with an adjacent carbon atom, a benzene ring optionally substituted with hydroxyl group(s)； (C): a thickening polymer, showing viscosity of 100 mPa·s or higher when measured as a 10 mass% aqueous solution, at 20℃, within at least a part of pH region of 4 or lower, and using a B-type viscometer； and (D): water.本發明之毛髮化粧組合物，其為單藥劑型或多藥劑型毛髮化粧組合物，含有以下組分(A)至(D)： (A)：選自由以下組成之群的化合物：乙醛酸、乙醛酸水合物、乙醛酸鹽及乙醛醯胺； (B)：在至少一個間位上具有供電子基團且在鄰位及對位中之至少一者上具有氫原子之酚化合物，其中該間位上之該供電子基團可與相鄰碳原子一起形成視情況經一或多個羥基取代之苯環； (C)：增稠聚合物，其在20℃下以10質量%水溶液形式且使用B型黏度計量測時在4或更低之pH值區域的至少一部分內顯示100 mPa·s或更高之黏度；及 (D)：水。
