Systems and methods are disclosed for performing probabilistic segmentation in anatomical image analysis, using a computer system. One method includes receiving a plurality of images of an anatomical structure； receiving one or more geometric labels of the anatomical structure； generating a parametrized representation of the anatomical structure based on the one or more geometric labels and the received plurality of images； mapping a region of the parameterized representation to a geometric parameter of the anatomical structure； receiving an image of a patient's anatomy； and generating a probability distribution for a patient-specific segmentation boundary of the patient's anatomy, based on the mapping of the region of the parameterized representation of the anatomical structure to the geometric parameter of the anatomical structure.
