Provided is the use of a filamentous bacteriophage in the manufacture of a composition for treating a patient suffering from or susceptible to Parkinson's disease, wherein the bacteriophage does not display (i) a mammalian cell internalization signal； (ii) an alpha-synuclein antigen or alpha-synuclein antibody； (iii) a beta-amyloid antigen or beta-amyloid antibody； or (iv) an antibody specific to a pro-inflammatory cytokine.
