The present invention relates to the use of a filamentous bacteriophage that does not display (i) a mammalian cell internalization signal； (ii) an ±-synuclein antigen or ±-synuclein antibody； or (iii) a ²-amyloid antigen or ²-amyloid antibody, either alone or in combination with a filamentous bacteriophage which displays an antibody that specifically binds to a pro-inflammatory cytokine, to treat Parkinson's disease.
