The subject invention relates to the identification of genes involved in the desaturation of polyunsaturated fatty acids at carbon 5 (i.e., "”5-desaturase") and at carbon 6 (i.e., "”6-desaturase") and to uses thereof. In particular, ”5-desaturase may be utilized, for example, in the conversion of dihomo-g-linolenic acid (DGLA) to arachidonic acid (AA) and in the conversion of 20: 4n-3 to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Delta-6 desaturase may be used, for example, in the conversion of linoleic (LA) to g-linolenic acid (GLA). AA or polyunsaturated fatty acids produced therefrom may be added to pharmaceutical compositions, nutritional compositions, animal feeds, as well as other products such as cosmetics.
