In one embodiment, a visible light sensor of an imaging system captures a visible light image of a subject in which a fluorophore is present. The fluorophore has fluorescence emissions in the visible spectrum and in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum. An NIR sensor of the imaging system captures an NIR image of the subject in which the fluorophore is present. The imaging system forms a combined image of the visible light image and the NIR image, in part by masking pixels of the visible light image with pixels of the NIR image that are associated with the fluorescence emission of the fluorophore in the NIR spectrum. The imaging system provides the combined image to an electronic display for display.
