The present invention provides methods for adsorbing a protein onto a conductive solid substrate, comprising the application of an external potential to the solid substrate greater than +500 mV vs. the Ag/AgCl/Cl−SAT reference electrode, in the presence of a solution comprising the protein, wherein the solution has a pH within + 2 units of the isoelectric point of the protein, and wherein the protein adsorbs to the conductive solid substrate upon application of the external potential. Some embodiments are directed to a process of protein adsorption on a solid surface mediated by an applied potential that can be affected significantly by altering a number of variables such as protein concentration, flexibility, charge, molecular weight, pH, and charge of substrate.
