A 3-dimensional structure comprising suitable cells (or entities) and the ECM(or matrix) that has been completely produced and arranged by these cells (orentities) that promotes the differentiation, dedifferentiation and/ortransdifferentiation of cells and/or formation of tissue in vitro and in vivo,while at the same time promoting cell growth, proliferation, migration,acquisition of in vivo-like morphology, or combinations thereof, and that 1.provides structural and/or nutritional support to cells, tissue, organs, orcombinations thereof, termed an "Autogenic Living Scaffold" (ALS)； or 2. iscapable of being transformed into a more complex tissue (or matrix) or acompletely different type of tissue (or matrix), termed a "Living TissueMatrix" (LTM). Autogenic means it is self-produced. The living cells thatproduce the LTM or ALS, or are added to Autogenic Living Scaffolds, may begenetically engineered or otherwise modified. The matrix component of the ALSor LTM provides a structural framework for cells that guide their direction ofgrowth, enables them to be correctly spaced, prevents overcrowding, enablescells to communicate between each other, transmit subtle biological signals,receive signals from their environment, form bonds and contacts that arerequired for proper functioning of all cells within a unit such as a tissue,or combinations thereof. The ALS or LTM may thus provide proper or supportingmechanical and chemical environments, signals, or stimuli to other cells, tothe cells that produce the ALS, to surrounding tissue at an implantation site,to a wound, for in vitro and ex vivo generation and regeneration of cells,tissue and organs, or combinations thereof. They may also provide other cellswith nutrients, growth factors, and/or other necessary or useful components.They may also take in or serve as buffers for certain substances in theenvironment, and have also some potential at adapting to new environment
