The present invention provides an x-ray imaging system (1) comprising an x-ray source (2) configured to emit x-ray radiation towards a sample (6),a primary detector (3) configured to detect x-ray radiation from the x-ray source (2) passing through the sample (6), a secondary detector (4) configured to detect x-ray radiation from the x-ray source (2) scattered in the sample (6), and imaging optics (5) configured to guide x-ray radiation scattered in the sample (6) onto the secondary detector (4).The present invention can be used in x-ray imaging, in particular medical imaging. The internal, three-dimensional structure of a sample can be examined in the time and with the radiation dose needed for creating a two-dimensional transmission x-ray image.
