Disclosed is a delivery device for delivering a payload, including a biological, chemical or biochemical substance, to a subject. The delivery device has a nanoparticle loaded with the payload, and porous coating structure over the loaded nanoparticle to prevent the payload from escaping the delivery device, while also preserving the activity of the payload and increasing effective utilization of the payload. Also disclosed is a delivery device for delivering a payload, including a natural virus, recombinant virus, or engineered virus. Also disclosed is a delivery device that has a liposome loaded with the payload and a biocompatible surface coating over the loaded liposome. Also disclosed are methods of fabricating the delivery devices and methods of using the delivery devices in treating health conditions, such as cancer, or in diagnostic applications.
