Nanostructures such as nanowires, nanosprings, nanorods, and nanoparticles, when maintained in contact with source of bone cells, enhance the proliferation of the bone cells and integration bone into the nanostructures. The nanostructures may or may not be coated with a metal or metal oxide coating and preferably are textured. Such coated or non-coated nanostructures may be utilized on the surface of bone implants to enhance osseointegration of the implants,
