A modulation system for modulating a radiation beam, including a plurality of cascaded modulators, a positioner operable to change positions of each of the modulators between in-beam and out-of-beam positions, wherein in the in-beam position the modulator is in a path of a radiation beam for at least a majority of a total cross-section of the beam and in the out-beam position the modulator is not in the path of the radiation beam, and a processor in communication with a beam modifier and with the positioner operative to determine operating times or motion speed for changing the respective positions of the modulators between the in-beam and out-of-beam positions, wherein the beam modifier is operable to change during irradiation an aperture of the radiation beam and the positioner is operative to change during irradiation a relative position of the target and the radiation beam.
