Techniques described herein relate to generating braille output and/or visual display output based on received mathematical expression input. Data corresponding to one or more mathematical expressions may be received via expression input devices or visual display devices, and may be converted to braille output characters for display on refreshable braille devices. Additionally, mathematical expression input data may be received via refreshable braille display devices and converted to output characters for display on visual display devices. In some embodiments, mathematical expression input data may be converted first to content markup, and then converted from the content markup to presentation markup and/or braille output characters. Further mathematical expression input data, such as updates to previously displayed expressions, may be received from an initial input device, visual display device, or refreshable braille device, and the updated expression data may be converted to visual output characters and/or braille output characters.
