A material for use as a bone implant or bone substitute for use in replacingor repairingbone is described, together with a method for forming the material. Thematerial comprises: (a)a titanium or titanium alloy substrate comprising a first surface having afirst surface area (b) aplurality of metallic beads adhered to the first surface, wherein theplurality of metallic beads aremicron scale structures that collectively form a second surface having asecond surface areathat is greater than the first surface area, and (c) a surface layer on theplurality of metallicbeads comprising alkali titanates, wherein the surface layer has a thicknessbetween 100 and300 nanometers, and wherein the surface layer comprises a plurality ofnanoscale structuresthat collectively form a third surface comprising a third surface area that isgreater than thesecond surface area.
