Provided herein are methods of treatment and/or prevention of cancer by manipulation of commensal microflora. In particular, the amount, identity, presence, and/or ratio of microflora (e.g., gut microflora) in a subject is manipulated to facilitate one or more co-treatments.本文中提供藉由控制共生微生物叢來治療及/或預防癌症之方法。特定言之,控制個體中微生物叢(例如,腸微生物叢)之量、一致性、存在及/或比率以有助於一或多種共治療。